Linking Empirical Nickel Laterite Leaching Responses to Preliminary Economic Performance: Trade-Offs among Ni-Co Extraction, Acid Dosage, Fe Dissolution, and Residence Time

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This revised manuscript develops a transparent metallurgical-economic screening framework for atmospheric sulfuric acid leaching of a ferruginous nickel laterite ore. The objective is not to prove a universal kinetic mechanism or a final project-level feasibility estimate, but to evaluate how experimentally observed extraction responses translate into preliminary economic ranking under clearly stated assumptions. Duplicate leaching tests were performed at 95-100 °C using sulfuric acid dosages of 700-1000 kg H2SO4/t ore and residence times of 30-420 min. The tables report average values used for mass-balance and screening calculations; individual duplicate results are not shown in the main text, and formal significance claims are therefore avoided. Nickel and iron responses were modeled empirically as functions of acid dosage and residence time, while cobalt was included as a revenue component in selected base-case scenarios. The results show that the highest observed Ni extraction, 74.1% at 360 min and 1000 kg H2SO4/t ore, also produced the highest Fe dissolution, 65.8%, and a low Ni/Fe selectivity indicator. Under the base-case economic assumptions, the most attractive evaluated scenario was 420 min and 700 kg H2SO4/t ore, because the lower acid-addition cost and Fe penalty offset the lower Ni and Co extraction. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that this ranking is assumption-dependent and should be interpreted as a feasibility-screening result rather than a global economic optimum. Non-monotonic extraction behavior between 360 and 420 min is discussed cautiously as a possible combination of experimental dispersion, sampling effects, and secondary Ni retention associated with Fe(III) hydrolysis and sulfate-bearing phases. The revised framework provides a practical route for converting duplicated laboratory leaching tests into auditable, assumption-sensitive screening inputs for early-stage nickel laterite project evaluation.

Awareness on Intellectual Property Rights Among College Students, A Study with Special Reference to Kozhikode District

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Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) play a crucial role in protecting innovation, creativity, and intellectual assets. The present study examines the awareness of Intellectual Property Rights among college students. The objectives of the study are to assess the level of IPR awareness among college students and to examine differences in awareness based on gender and course of study. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data were collected from 50 college students through a structured questionnaire using the purposive sampling method, while secondary data were gathered from books, journals, research articles, government reports, and WIPO publications. Responses were measured using a five-point scale. Descriptive statistics, One-Sample t-test, Independent Samples t-test, and One-Way ANOVA were employed for data analysis.

The results revealed that college students possess a significant level of awareness regarding Intellectual Property Rights. The Independent Samples t-test indicated no significant differences in IPR awareness between male and female students. However, the One-Way ANOVA revealed significant differences among students from different course categories in selected dimensions of IPR awareness. The study concludes that while the overall awareness of IPR among college students is satisfactory, variations exist across certain course categories. The findings emphasize the need for strengthening IPR education and awareness programmes in higher educational institutions.

Artificial Intelligence and Mechanical Engineering in Greek Vocational High Schools: Educational Perspectives and Institutional Barriers

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This scoping review investigates the potential and challenges of integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) into Vocational Education and Training, with a specific focus on the Mechanical Engineering sector of Greek Vocational High Schools (EPA.L.). The purpose of this study is to analyze how AI can transform the teaching of mechanical engineering courses, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and laboratory practice in the context of Industry 4.0. The methodology involved a literature review of 26 scientific sources (2016-2026), utilizing thematic analysis guided by theoretical frameworks such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and teacher self-efficacy. Key findings indicate that the use of specialized, knowledge-enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly improves the structural integrity and technical accuracy of instructional materials, effectively reducing teacher preparation time. However, despite a high perceived usefulness, the adoption of AI by educators in public schools is severely hindered by the lack of adequate laboratory infrastructure, the absence of discipline-specific training, and heightened AI anxiety regarding ethical risks. In conclusion, the transition to an AI-enhanced school laboratory necessitates immediate upgrades to equipment and a shift from general ICT training to targeted, specialty-specific professional development programs, ultimately empowering teachers to become designers of digital learning experiences.

Role of Artificial Intelligence oriented Tacit, Explicit and Reusable integrated Knowledge Management for the libraries in the 21st century

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Knowledge management will continue to evolve strategically and dynamically for libraries in the 21st century, driven by the knowledge economy and information technology. To understand the development of library knowledge, it is necessary to grasp the relationship between explicit, tacit, and relevant reusable integrated knowledge in an Artificial intelligence environment in today’s dynamic economy. This study examines relevant, explicit, tacit, and related reusable knowledge, the associated processes, and their practical implications for library operations, including efficiency and innovation in organization and learning.

By presenting knowledge management principles, the Nonaka SECI model incorporated with reusability concept of Harsh, and a conceptual framework for library science, this study examines a unified program for the practical application of explicit, tacit, and relevant reusable AI-empowered knowledge in the context of libraries in the educational sector. The role of artificial intelligence in the transformation of libraries regarding the design, collection, creation of meta-data, and dissemination of knowledge is also explored critically. The results presented, including the increased potential of libraries because of meaningfully reinforces reuse of knowledge, effectiveness of processes, and the remembrance of organisations, reveal huge aids for operators thus making libraries as smart centres of data.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Neonatal Jaundice Among Term and Pre Term Infants at Amana Regional Referral Hospital in DAR ES Salaam, Tanzania

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Background: Neonatal jaundice among term and preterm infants in Tanzania is still a very common problem which has a negative effect on children growth and development. Kernicterus as a complication of extensive accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin can lead to mental retardation.  

Objective: The study focused on assessing prevalence and factors associated with neonatal jaundice among term and preterm infants at Amana Referral Hospital.

Materials And Methods: Cross section study conducted at Amana Regional Referral Hospital (ARRH) for assessing neonatal jaundice in both term and preterm infants. The sample of 120 children was taken.

The respondent mothers or care takers of infants with neonatal jaundice were structured interviewed based on questionnaire. Kramer’s rule as visual inspection of skin used to aid in collecting data.

Expected Results: This study is expected to provide valuable insight into prevalence and factors associated with neonatal jaundice among term and preterm infants admitted at ARRH. Findings will help understanding correlation between factors associated with neonatal jaundice and medical condition itself.

Effectiveness of the Rupiah Literacy Policy Through the www.cbprupiah.com Website in Mataram City, Indonesia

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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Rupiah literacy policy implemented through the CBP Rupiah website www.cbprupiahntb.com in Mataram City and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors affecting its implementation. The program is part of Bank Indonesia’s Love, Pride, and Understanding of Rupiah (CBP Rupiah) policy, which seeks to enhance public understanding of the functions, value, and role of the Rupiah as the national legal tender and a symbol of national sovereignty. This study employed a qualitative research approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. Informants were selected purposively and included representatives of Bank Indonesia’s West Nusa Tenggara Regional Office, school principals, teachers, and students from elementary, junior high, and senior high schools in Mataram City. Data were analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña interactive model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the Rupiah literacy program delivered through the CBP Rupiah website is effective based on three policy effectiveness indicators: goal attainment, resource efficiency, and adaptability. The program successfully improved public knowledge, awareness, and positive attitudes toward the Rupiah through interactive educational methods and digital media utilization. Resource efficiency was reflected in the optimal use of human resources, educational facilities, and information technology without imposing significant additional burdens on schools. Adaptability was demonstrated through the use of digital platforms, the adjustment of learning methods to participants’ characteristics, and continuous program evaluation. Supporting factors included institutional support from Bank Indonesia, digital technology utilization, school support, student participation, and relevant educational materials. Inhibiting factors included limited website accessibility, inadequate digital literacy, time constraints, and intense information competition in the digital era.

Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis for Power Generation Technologies in Afghanistan: A Comparative Techno-Economic Assessment

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Afghanistan faces significant challenges in achieving reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity supply while remaining heavily dependent on imported electricity. Despite possessing abundant renewable energy resources, including solar, wind, and hydropower, comprehensive economic assessments of electricity generation technologies under Afghan conditions remain limited. This study presents a comparative Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis of six power generation technologies relevant to Afghanistan’s energy sector: Solar Photovoltaic (PV), Wind, Hydropower, Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT), Coal-Fired Power Plants, and Biomass. A discounted cash flow methodology is employed using technology-specific technical and economic parameters representative of Afghanistan. The analysis incorporates capital expenditure, operation and maintenance costs, fuel costs, capacity factors, plant lifetimes, and financing conditions. Sensitivity analysis is performed across a range of weighted average cost of capital (WACC) values from 5% to 18% to evaluate the impact of financing risk on generation costs. Results indicate that hydropower exhibits the lowest LCOE, followed by utility-scale solar PV and wind power. Renewable technologies demonstrate strong economic competitiveness while simultaneously achieving near-zero operational carbon emissions. The findings highlight the importance of low-cost financing and provide evidence-based guidance for future energy planning, investment prioritization, and sustainable electricity sector development in Afghanistan.

The Relationship between Reinforcement Aspects, Work Atmosphere, and Job Satisfaction with The Job Performance of Early Childhood Education Teachers

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The aspects of reinforcement, work atmosphere, and job satisfaction are important factors that can influence teacher performance in formal educational institutions. This study aims to test the significance of simultaneous and partial correlations between the aspects of reinforcement, work atmosphere, and job satisfaction with teacher performance. The population of this study was 4,759 early childhood education teachers in Surabaya, East Java Province, Indonesia who had a minimum of two years of service and were actively working until 2025. The research sample of 210 teachers was determined using a purposive random sampling technique. Data on the aspects of reinforcement, work atmosphere, and teacher job satisfaction were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire with five answer choices: Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree, which had met the item validity test and the Alpha Cronbach reliability test, while teacher performance data were collected using a teacher performance assessment rubric instrument that had been tested by experts. The research data were analyzed using parametric linear regression statistical techniques, resulting in the simultaneous positive correlation between the reinforcement, work atmosphere, and job satisfaction aspects with the performance of early childhood education teachers. Partially, the reinforcement aspect was significantly positively correlated with the performance of early childhood education teachers. The work atmosphere aspect was not significantly correlated with the performance of early childhood education teachers. The job satisfaction aspect was significantly positively correlated with the performance of early childhood education teachers. The findings of this study imply that it is important for leaders of early childhood education institutions to provide reinforcement to teachers and implement school management that can create teacher satisfaction in an effort to improve the quality of early childhood education to support the development of superior human resources with global competitiveness.

Development of Learning Tools Based on the Outdoor Learning Mathematics Project Model on Social Arithmetic Topics to Improve Students’ Numeracy Skills

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Numeracy is one of the essential competencies that students need to solve mathematical problems in real-life situations. However, many junior high school students still experience difficulties in applying mathematical concepts to contextual problems because classroom instruction is predominantly teacher-centered and less connected to authentic learning experiences. Therefore, innovative learning devices integrating the Outdoor Learning Mathematics Project (OLMP) model are needed to promote meaningful learning and improve students’ numeracy skills. This study aimed to develop OLMP-based learning devices on Social Arithmetic material that are valid, practical, and effective in improving junior high school students’ numeracy skills. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the modified Four-D (4D) model consisting of the Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. The developed products included teaching modules, student worksheets (LKPD), numeracy test instruments, and a teacher guidebook. The subjects consisted of Grade VII students of SMP Argopuro Panti, Jember. Data were collected through expert validation, classroom observations, questionnaires, interviews, and pretest–posttest numeracy tests. Data analysis included validity, practicality, effectiveness, N-Gain, normality, and independent sample t-test analyses. The developed learning devices achieved a validity score above 3.75 (very valid), a practicality level of 96.5%, and positive responses from students (97%). Students’ learning activities reached 92%, while classical numeracy mastery achieved 86%. Furthermore, the independent sample t-test revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.05), indicating that the OLMP model significantly improved students’ numeracy skills. The OLMP-based learning devices are valid, practical, and effective for mathematics instruction on Social Arithmetic and significantly enhance junior high school students’ numeracy skills through authentic outdoor learning experiences.

Development and Validation of a Rubric-Based Mobile Scoring Application for Folk Dance Performance Assessment

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Folk dance performance assessment in Philippine Physical Education is still largely conducted through paper-based rubric scoring, a process that is time-consuming, prone to computation error, and difficult to aggregate across multiple judges. This study developed and validated a rubric-based mobile scoring application for Android intended for Physical Education teachers and competition judges scoring Philippine folk dance performances. The application was built using the ADDIE framework across all five phases: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. It digitizes a five-criterion rubric covering rhythm and timing, technique and execution, expression and artistry, costume and presentation, and synchronization, with automatic weighted score computation, live ranking, and PDF or CSV export. The design was validated by a panel of nine experts drawn from Physical Education master teachers, mobile application developers, and members of the PSHS-CRC Engineering and Research Academic Unit, using a five-domain instrument covering functionality, usability, content and rubric accuracy, visual design, and overall acceptability. The panel rated the application 4.61 out of 5.00 (Highly Acceptable), with a content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.96. A usability pilot with 20 Physical Education teachers produced a mean System Usability Scale score of 84.6, corresponding to an adjective rating of Excellent and grade A. A reliability comparison scored 30 folk dance performances using both the paper rubric and the application with the same five judges; app-computed and manual totals showed a Pearson correlation of r = 0.994 (p < .001) and a two-way mixed, absolute-agreement intraclass correlation coefficient of ICC = 0.991 (95% CI 0.982 to 0.996), indicating near-perfect agreement. A paired-samples t-test found no significant difference between the two methods (t(29) = 1.42, p = .166), while the application reduced mean scoring-and-tally time per performance from 4.7 minutes to 1.3 minutes. The validated application is a complete, reusable, and empirically supported tool that resolves the multi-judge, low-connectivity constraints of live folk dance scoring, and it is now suitable for institutional adoption at PSHS-CRC with continued monitoring.