Secondary Aluminum Dross and Salt Slag Treatment: A Critical Review of Integrated Value Recovery, Risk Control, And Industrial Readiness

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Secondary aluminum dross and salt slag are heterogeneous secondary resources whose entrained metal, alumina-bearing phases, aluminum nitride (AlN), chlorides, fluorides, and fine particles create coupled recovery and safety constraints. This structured critical narrative review maps 106 publications from 2020 to 2026 and evaluates physical, thermal, aqueous, and product-oriented routes without claiming systematic review or PRISMA compliance. Conservative evidence coding identified one industrial campaign (Class A), one pilot study (Class B), no continuous integrated Class C study, 86 laboratory studies on real dross (Class D), five modeling or proof-of-concept studies (Class E), and 13 supporting reviews or contextual sources. Selected studies reported metallic aluminum recovery above 92% and up to approximately 98%, chloride removal above 92%, and AlN conversion of 92.45–99.03%; these results are not directly comparable because of differences in feed assays, particle size, residence time, and system boundaries. A metal-first sequence is therefore conditionally preferred when the net value of recovered metal justifies the operation and when removal reduces the hydrogen inventory of the wet circuit. Stoichiometrically, 1 kg AlN can generate 0.415 kg NH₃ (0.597 m³ at 25 °C and 1 atm), while 1 kg metallic Al can generate 0.112 kg H₂ (1.360 m³) under complete reaction. Washing, controlled hydrolysis, salt crystallization, gas capture, and mineral conversion must consequently be designed as one integrated system. Laboratory production of alumina, spinel, refractories, adsorbents, or cementitious materials demonstrates conversion, not circularity, unless product specifications, durability, leaching stability, multi-cycle recycle, controlled purges, and harmonized life-cycle and techno-economic boundaries are verified. The review provides route-specific readiness ratings, quantitative design bases, and objective go/no-go gates for industrial development.

Job Demands, Resources, Occupational Burnout, And Individual Work Performance Among Commune-Level Civil Servants: Evidence from Gia Lai, Vietnam

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The operation of Vietnam’s two-tier local government system, comprising the provincial and commune levels, has heightened the requirements placed upon commune-level civil servants in relation to initiative, coordination, digital casework, and accountability for outputs. This study examines the associations among personal resources, the work environment, job demands, new-task demands, occupational burnout, and individual work performance. Data were collected in 2026 from 563 non-managerial professional civil servants working at commune level in Gia Lai Province. The scales were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and covariance-based structural equation modelling in SPSS and AMOS; indirect effects were evaluated using 5,000 bootstrap resamples. The model demonstrated a good fit to the data (χ²/df=1.280; CFI=0.978; TLI=0.976; RMSEA=0.022; SRMR=0.034) and explained 42.6% of the variance in occupational burnout and 59.3% of the variance in individual work performance. Job demands and new-task demands were positively associated with burnout, whereas burnout was negatively associated with work performance. Implementation competence exhibited the strongest direct association with performance, followed by digital adaptability and public service motivation. Although the work environment did not demonstrate a sufficiently robust direct association with performance, it contributed to lower burnout. Both indirect paths, JD→BO→IWP and DQ→BO→IWP, were statistically significant. The findings indicate that strengthening administrative performance at commune level requires an integrated approach combining competence development, work design, digital support, and the prevention of sustained occupational depletion.

Biological Characteristics, Innovative Isolation Methods, and Clinical Role of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: Review

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Exosomes are a subset of nano-sized (30–150 nm) extracellular vehicles (EVs) released by cells through the endosomal route, you know like they get made inside and then pushed out.

Objective: The primary objective of this scientific review is to give a broad and current appraisal of the intricate biological layout of exosomes, plus modern isolation technologies (for instance microfluidics and spectroscopy), and finally their clinical meaning for cancer detection and treatment.

Methods: This article is arranged following systematic review logic based on credible scientific sources from the last decade 2015–2025. Data collection involved international databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis looks at how exosome biogenesis connects with drug delivery systems (DDS), and how that whole interplay affects the tumor microenvironment, using both qualitative and quantitative comparative approaches. The guidelines from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) were used as a kind of standard for study rigor.

Key Findings: A growing body of research suggests that exosomes work as important intercellular message carriers, meaning they are deeply involved in cancer metastasis. Their nano-sized form, the potential to move across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and their inherent biocompatibility make them a stronger, more natural alternative in comparison with synthetic nanoparticles. Innovative methods such as microfluidics have cut the isolation time a lot, and pairing exosomes with the CRISPR-Cas system has basically opened new directions for gene therapy. In the end, the review also tackles difficulties in standardization and large-scale production, while stressing that exosome engineering is likely the upcoming step change for precision cancer therapy.

Performance Evaluation of Laser Spectroscopy Techniques for Isotope Identification and Separation Based on Isotope Shifts

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Laser spectroscopy has become one of the most important technologies for isotope identification and separation because of its high spectral resolution and its ability to accurately measure isotope shifts. Despite significant advances in this field, a comprehensive comparative evaluation of different laser spectroscopy methods in terms of their physical principles, measurement accuracy, and isotope separation capabilities is still required. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the performance of laser spectroscopy methods for isotope identification and separation based on their underlying physical principles, spectral resolution, sensitivity, and applications. This study was conducted as a systematic review, in which publications retrieved from major scientific databases were identified, screened, and analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the mass shift and the field shift constitute the fundamental physical basis for isotope discrimination. Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (CLS), owing to its very high spectral resolution, is the most suitable technique for the precise measurement of isotope shifts and the investigation of nuclear structure, whereas Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) and Molecular Laser Isotope Separation (MLIS) exhibit high efficiency in the selective separation of isotopes. Furthermore, the development of narrow-linewidth lasers, frequency stabilization systems, and advanced data-processing techniques has significantly improved the accuracy and sensitivity of these technologies. Overall, the selection of an appropriate method depends on the intended application, the type of isotope, and the required measurement accuracy. This study provides a comparative framework for understanding the capabilities and limitations of laser spectroscopy methods and can contribute to the future development of isotope identification and separation technologies

Lessons from Leptospirosis Deaths in Sri Lanka, 2025: Findings from a National Secondary Data Analysis

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Background: Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease and a leading cause of preventable mortality in Sri Lanka, with deaths driven by occupational and environmental exposure, delayed care-seeking, late clinical recognition and severe complications.

Methods: A descriptive secondary data analysis was conducted using the national leptospirosis death review database of the Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka. The analysis included 206 valid death records reported during 2025 through institutional death review forms.

Results: The median age was 53 years (IQR 41.5–61.5; range 16–84). Males accounted for 168/205 deaths (82.0%). The largest age group was 45–59 years (79/205, 38.5%). The highest numbers of deaths were reported from Kurunegala (34/206, 16.5%), Gampaha (19/206, 9.2%) and Rathnapura (16/206, 7.8%). Fever (155/198, 78.3%), headache (121/198, 61.1%), myalgia (115/198, 58.1%) and anuria/oliguria (93/198, 47.0%) were the most commonly documented features. Paddy field exposure was recorded in 68/206 (33.0%) of deaths. The median time from symptom onset to admission was 3 days, and the median time from symptom onset to death was 7 days. Among death review findings, late presentation or delayed treatment-seeking was the most frequent theme (75/87, 86.2%).

Conclusions: These findings highlight opportunities to reduce leptospirosis deaths in Sri Lanka through earlier detection, prompt evidence-based treatment supported by regular clinician training, targeted risk communication for high-risk populations, improved chemoprophylaxis uptake, timely referral, and strengthened access to critical care and renal support services.

Development Strategy for Community-Based Coastal Ecotourism in Wondiboy, Teluk Wondama Regency, Indonesia

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The Wondiboy coastal area in Teluk Wondama Regency, West Papua, contains bay landscapes, mangroves, sago forests, marine activities, cultural and religious assets, and coastal livelihoods that provide a strong basis for ecotourism. However, these assets have not been matched by balanced destination readiness, institutional capacity, basic services, and spatial control. This study analyzes tourism potential and destination readiness, identifies major development constraints, and formulates a community-based coastal ecotourism strategy within a sustainable regional development framework. A convergent mixed-methods design was used, combining questionnaires from 75 visitors and 94 local residents with in-depth interviews, field observations, expert assessments, and reviews of spatial and tourism planning documents. Internal conditions were diagnosed using the 6A destination framework, while IFAS-EFAS and SWOT were used to formulate strategies that were subsequently screened through Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Community-Based Tourism, carrying capacity, coastal resilience, and policy consistency. Visitor scores showed high attraction (4.17), moderate accessibility (2.93), accommodation (3.22), amenities (2.69), and activities (3.08), but very low ancillary services (1.51), producing an overall mean of 2.93. The SWOT coordinates (+0.55; +1.03) place Wondiboy in Quadrant I, yet the narrow internal advantage indicates that Weakness-Opportunity measures should precede expansion. The recommended sequence is institutional and human-resource strengthening, basic and safety infrastructure, controlled ecotourism product development and zoning, followed by gradual market connectivity and green investment. The study shows that growth-oriented positioning does not imply immediate promotion; destination readiness must first reach a minimum operational threshold.

Beyond “Slave Mentality”: A Conceptual Review of Internalized Subordination and the Reproduction of Power

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“Slave mentality” is often used to describe blind obedience, dependence, and a lack of independent thought, but the phrase is too broad to serve as a clear academic concept. This paper begins with an original observation: dependence does not disappear when food and physical safety become easier to obtain. It often moves into work, status, belonging, recognition, and access to opportunity. A focused conceptual review of 17 foundational and recent sources was used to connect research on obedience, social influence, system justification, compensatory control, learned helplessness, social dominance, employee silence, psychological safety, and power. The analysis separates practical submission from internalized subordination and explains how repeated adjustment to authority may weaken trust in personal judgement. It also examines why some formerly subordinate individuals reproduce control after gaining limited authority. The paper proposes an Internalized Subordination-Compensatory Domination Cycle. The model does not claim that everyone has a fixed amount of “slave mentality,” or that powerless people will later misuse power. It describes a conditional process shaped by dependence, low control, status insecurity, institutional rules, and reflection. Reflective autonomy and real accountability may interrupt the cycle.

Effects of Different Amount of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Common Bean

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This study evaluated the effects of different rates of diammonium phosphate fertilizer on the growth, yield, and yield components of common bean under field conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture Research Farm, Kabul University, during the 2025 growing season. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications and four fertilizer treatments: 0 (control), 30, 60, and 90 kg ha⁻¹ of diammonium phosphate. Data were collected on vegetative growth traits, including plant height, number of branches, and number of leaves, as well as reproductive traits such as number of pods per plant, grains per pod, pod length, pod width, 100-seed weight, and grain yield. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and treatment means were separated using the least significant difference test at the 5% significance level. Fertilizer application significantly affected most growth and yield parameters. The application of 60 kg ha⁻¹ produced the greatest vegetative growth, recording the highest plant height (33.8 cm) and number of branches (4.47), while the unfertilized control produced the highest number of leaves (36.4). The application of 90 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in the highest reproductive performance, including number of pods per plant (12.33), grains per pod (4.00), pod size, 100-seed weight (66 g), and grain yield (1090 kg ha⁻¹). The findings indicate that moderate fertilizer application promotes vegetative growth, whereas a higher application rate maximizes reproductive development and grain yield. Therefore, applying 90 kg ha⁻¹ of diammonium phosphate is recommended to improve common bean productivity under agroecological conditions similar to those of the study area.

Factors Regulating Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Efficiency in Legume Crops: Mechanisms, Environmental Constraints, and Future Perspectives

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Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a fundamental biological process that enhances legume productivity while reducing dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. However, its efficiency varies considerably across production systems because it is regulated by complex interactions among plant genetics, rhizobial compatibility, physiological processes, environmental conditions, and agronomic management. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms regulating SNF and critically examines the biological, environmental, and management factors that determine its effectiveness. The review integrates evidence from the literature on the molecular basis of legume–rhizobium symbiosis, physiological regulation of nitrogen fixation, the influence of soil properties, nutrient availability, climatic stresses, and agronomic practices, and evaluates emerging technologies and future research directions. The synthesis demonstrates that SNF performance is inherently context-dependent and cannot be optimized through a single intervention. Instead, successful nitrogen fixation requires coordinated management of host genotype, rhizobial inoculants, soil fertility, water availability, and crop management while accounting for local environmental conditions. The review also identifies important knowledge gaps, including limited long-term field validation, insufficient integration of multidisciplinary approaches, and challenges in translating emerging genomic, microbial, and precision agriculture technologies into practical farming systems. Overall, this review emphasizes that integrated, site-specific management combined with continued advances in biofertilizer development and multidisciplinary research is essential for maximizing SNF efficiency, reducing reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, and supporting sustainable, climate-resilient agricultural production.

Organic vs. Inorganic Fertilizers: A Review on Sustainable Mung Bean Production under Kabul Semi‑Arid Conditions

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Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is a short‑duration legume of high nutritional and agronomic importance, particularly suited to semi‑arid regions such as Kabul, Afghanistan. Despite its potential, mung bean productivity in Afghanistan remains below global averages, constrained by poor soil fertility, limited varietal development, and inadequate crop management practices. This review synthesizes Kabul University research and global literature, focusing on the comparative impacts of organic and inorganic fertilizer practices on mung bean yield attributes. Organic fertilizers such as farmyard manure, compost, and humic‑acid enriched biomass enhance soil structure, microbial activity, and long‑term fertility, whereas inorganic fertilizers supply rapid nutrient availability but risk soil degradation if used exclusively. Evidence from Kabul trials demonstrated that humic‑acid enriched organic fertilizer (OF2) produced superior plant height, grain number per pod, seed yield, and biological yield compared to NPK and control treatments, underscoring its relevance for semi‑arid Kabul conditions. Integrated nutrient management (INM), combining organic and inorganic inputs, offers synergistic benefits by balancing productivity with sustainability. However, adoption in Afghanistan is constrained by economic limitations, weak extension services, and limited varietal testing. This review concludes that INM represents the most sustainable pathway for mung bean cultivation in Kabul’s semi‑arid environment, while highlighting research gaps in varietal response, soil fertility restoration, and farmer adoption strategies.