Molecular Docking Insights into the Interaction of Cyclodextrin-Based Systems with Bioactive Monoterpenes of Biotechnological Interest

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Cyclodextrin-based systems are promising carriers for improving the stability and bioavailability of hydrophobic bioactive compounds. Monoterpenes, the major constituents of medicinal plant essential oils, exhibit significant pharmacological potential but are limited by poor aqueous solubility, high volatility, and chemical instability. This study investigated the structural and energetic interactions of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) with the major bioactive constituents of essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet (EOAz), through molecular docking simulations. OEAz was obtained by hydrodistillation and complexed with SBE-β-CD (1:1 molar ratio) using the co-precipitation method. The resulting host–guest inclusion complexes, formed between SBE-β-CD and terpinen-4-ol or 1,8-cineole, were evaluated by molecular docking simulations. These compounds were selected based on their established status as major constituents of EOAz. Computational analyses were performed using HEX 8.0.0 software, followed by structural inspection in PyMOL. The docking results revealed energetically favorable interaction clusters, indicating high affinity and structural stability between the evaluated molecules. The most stable conformations demonstrated significant spatial complementarity and multiple intermolecular interactions, including hydrophobic contacts and hydrogen-bond-associated stabilization. Energetic analyses showed negative binding energies compatible with stable molecular association, supporting the formation of persistent host–guest complexes. Furthermore, the predicted host–guest interactions indicate that cyclodextrin complexation may favor the preservation of monoterpene integrity and bioavailability, factors that could contribute to enhanced or more consistent biological activity. Overall, these findings demonstrate the usefulness of molecular docking for investigating cyclodextrin-based systems and provide preliminar structural evidence for future studies exploring the therapeutic and biotechnological applications of monoterpene inclusion complexes.

Dietary Supplementation with Spring Onion on Growth, Nutrient Utilization, Economic Analyses and In Vitro Methane Emissions in West African Dwarf Goats

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The study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with spring onion on growth, nutrient utilization, economic analyses and in vitro methane emissions in West African dwarf goats. Two hundred and forty West African dwarf male goats aged between 7 to 8 months old with initial average live body weight of 7.00 ± 0.08kg were used for the study. They were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with sixty goats per treatment in a completely randomized design. The prepared experimental diets that were received by goats contained ED1 (60% guinea grass with no spring onion as the control group), ED2 (59% guinea grass with 1% spring onion), ED3 (58% guinea grass with 2% spring onion) and ED4 (57% guinea grass with 3% spring onion). Firstly, the evaluation comprised in vitro study of methane gas production and then followed by in vivo study of growth, nutrient utilization and economic analysis of goats. In all the diets examined, results showed that in vitro ammonia nitrogen concentration(12.04 mg/100ml), total volatile fatty acids(4.01 mmol), acetate (64.93 mol/100mol), butyrate (12.09 mol/100mol), methane (71.22 mL/gDM), fractional rate of gas production(0.079h-1), average gas production rate(3.04Ml/h), daily feed intake (256.29g/day), feed conversion ratio (6.15), digestibility of ether extract (65.05%), ash (68.01%), faecal with urinary nitrogen output(2.98 and 1.72g/day), total nitrogen output (4.78g/day) and total cost in naira (125,400) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet ED1 than diets ED2, ED3 and ED4. Goats on diet ED4 were significantly (p<0.05) improved in propionate ( 25.67 mol/100mol), methane/total volatile fatty acids ratio (22.23), effective dry matter degradability(60.21g/kg), true dry matter degradability(74.52g/kg), final body weight(11.96kg), total with daily weight gain 4.99kg and 71.29g), digestibility of dry matter(72.43%), crude protein (70.86%), crude fibre (71.02%), nitrogen free extract(70.17%), neutral and acid detergent fibre(69.86 and 66.21%), nitrogen intake (11.05g/day), nitrogen balance and retained (8.08 and 0.73g/day), nitrogen retention % intake (73.12%), total revenue in naria (263, 270) and net profit in naria (169,020) than those on other diets. Meanwhile, no significant differences (p>0.05) were found in rumen pH, acetate/propionate ratio, iso-butyrate, valerate, iso-valerate, asymptotic gas production and initial body weight among treatments. It can be concluded that inclusion levels of 3 and 4% spring onion as supplement to 58 and 57% guinea grass with 40% concentrate diet (ED3 and ED4) improved performance of goats and suppressed in-vitro methane gas with cost reduction that resulted in higher net profit.

Implementation of the 6E-STEAM Learning Model Based on Nosiala Pale Local Wisdom: Analysis of Learning Outcomes and Student Motivation and Engagement Profiles

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This study aims to analyze learning outcomes and describe the motivation and engagement profiles of students following the implementation of the 6E-STEAM learning model based on the local wisdom of Nosiala Pale in biology instruction. The study employed a quantitative approach in a single control class using a pretest-posttest design for learning outcomes and a posttest to assess students’ motivation and engagement profiles. The study participants consisted of 28 students in the Biology Education Program who were taking the Conservation Biology course. Data were collected using a 30-item multiple-choice test to measure learning outcomes, as well as a questionnaire to measure students’ learning motivation and engagement. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a paired-sample t-test, and N-gain analysis. The results showed that the average pre-test score was 67.38, while the average post-test score was 79.16. The results of the paired-sample t-test indicated a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test learning outcomes (t = -10.981; p < 0.001). The average N-gain value of 0.480, or 47.95%, falls into the moderate category. Meanwhile, student learning motivation falls into the very high category with an average score of 4.31, and student engagement falls into the high category with an average score of 3.94. These findings indicate that the implementation of the 6E-STEAM learning model based on Nosiala local wisdom is effective in improving student learning outcomes to a moderate level and is supported by high levels of student learning motivation and engagement.

Mathematical Problem-Solving Cooperative Learning (MPSCL): Enhancing Geometry Problem-Solving Ability among Santri in an Islamic Boarding School

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This study examined the effectiveness of Mathematical Problem-Solving Cooperative Learning (MPSCL) in enhancing the geometry problem-solving ability of santri in an Islamic boarding school, particularly on the topics of circle circumference and circle area. A quantitative approach was employed using a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design. The participants were 15 ninth-grade santri from MTs Darul Hikmah Mumbulsari, an Islamic junior secondary school, selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of a geometry problem-solving test, a santri response questionnaire, and observation sheets assessing learning implementation and santri activities. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, paired-samples t-test, N-gain analysis, and effect size analysis (Cohen’s d). The findings revealed a significant improvement in the geometry problem-solving ability of the santri following the implementation of MPSCL. The paired-samples t-test yielded a significance value of 0.000 (p < .05), indicating a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores. The average N-gain scores were 0.466 for circle circumference and 0.552 for circle area, both categorized as moderate. Furthermore, Cohen’s d values of 2.541 and 4.445 indicated strong practical effects. The santri also demonstrated highly positive responses toward the learning process, while the implementation of learning activities and santri participation were categorized as very good. These findings suggest that MPSCL is an effective instructional approach for enhancing geometry problem-solving ability among santri and supporting meaningful mathematics learning in Islamic boarding school settings.

Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Books among Pregnant Women: Which Factors Have the Greatest Influence?

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The Maternal and Child Health (MCH) book is an important medium for improving pregnant women’s knowledge and awareness of maternal and fetal health. However, several health centers still report low MCH book ownership among pregnant women, including Kuala Lempuing Health Center (52.55%) and Anggut Atas Health Center (77.92%). This study aimed to identify factors influencing the utilization of MCH books among pregnant women and to determine the most dominant factor. This descriptive analytic study used a cross-sectional design. It was conducted from June 8 to June 18, 2025, in the working areas of Kuala Lempuing and Anggut Atas Health Centers, Bengkulu City. The study involved all 70 eligible pregnant women in their second and third trimesters through total sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, and secondary data were obtained from relevant records. The results showed significant associations between MCH book utilization and knowledge (p < 0.001), attitude (p < 0.001), and family support (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that family support was the most dominant factor (p = 0.001; OR = 10.800). These findings highlight the importance of family involvement and the role of health care providers in delivering health education and social support to optimize MCH book utilization.

A Scenario-Based Electro-Physical Assessment of Urban Surface Heat Transfer and Electrical Cooling Demand in Smart Urban Environments

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Urban overheating is an electro-physical problem because surface heat accumulation changes outdoor temperature conditions and increases the electrical energy required for cooling. This study develops a scenario-based electro-physical assessment model for analysing the relationship between urban surface heat transfer, surface material properties, green infrastructure and electrical cooling demand. The model links physical parameters such as albedo, emissivity, thermal mass, vegetation coverage and urban–rural temperature difference with engineering indicators such as cooling energy demand, energy-efficiency improvement and CO₂ emissions related to electricity use. The case-study application uses Sofia Municipality as a spatial reference environment. Real spatial and land-use indicators are combined with scenario-based calculations in order to compare a baseline urban condition with an optimized scenario. The results are interpreted as early-stage engineering estimates rather than direct measurements of Urban Heat Island reduction or electricity consumption. The contribution of the paper is an integrated framework that connects heat-transfer processes with electrical energy performance in smart urban environments.

Residual-Regime Markov Modelling for Predictive Control in Cyber-Physical Systems

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Cyber-physical systems operate through a continuous interaction between physical processes, computational intelligence, communication networks and control mechanisms. Their behaviour is rarely fully deterministic: sensor noise, delayed communication, nonlinear dynamics, regime changes and early-stage failures create uncertainty that cannot be adequately represented by a single forecasting or control method. This paper proposes an original Residual-Regime Markov Forecast–Control Framework for cyber-physical systems. The framework brings together three modelling layers that play different roles. The ARIMA component handles the basic linear time‑series structure and keeps the model interpretable. On top of that, a machine‑learning layer works on the residuals to capture the nonlinear behaviour that ARIMA cannot. The final layer uses a Markov‑style state representation, turning the forecast errors, system signals and operating conditions into probabilistic regimes that describe how the system is likely to evolve. Unlike classical hybrid forecasting models that stop at prediction, the proposed approach links prediction to decision-making by using Markov transition probabilities, hidden-state belief updates and risk-aware policy selection. The main idea is that forecast errors are not treated only as modelling imperfections; instead, they are interpreted as early indicators of changing system regimes. A simulation-oriented evaluation design is presented for an industrial cyber-physical process with normal operation, peak load and degradation conditions. The proposed framework is expected to improve predictive maintenance, anomaly anticipation and control-policy selection by connecting statistical forecasting, data-driven correction and probabilistic decision logic in a single pipeline. The contribution of the paper lies in transforming hybrid forecasting into a regime-aware forecast–control architecture suitable for intelligent CPS monitoring and adaptive technical management.

Mathematical Reliability Modeling of Cyber-Physical Systems: From Classical Failure Theory to Multilayer Predictive Indices

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Cyber-physical systems (CPS) require a reliability theory that is broader than the classical probability of failure-free operation of a technical component. In CPSs, failure can be caused by deterioration, sensor error, delay in communication, software malfunction, control problems, cyber vulnerabilities, human interaction, and stress due to environment. This paper offers a mathematical approach to CPS reliability that brings together classical theories of reliability with multilayer, state-dependent, logical, Bayesian, and predictive approaches. The result is an integrated model in which the exponential and Weibull life distributions, structural reliability approaches, Markov models of state transitions, fault trees, Bayesian inference, normalization, and multilayer integral approach to reliability are combined into one coherent methodology.  The paper presents some extended concepts of reliability, such as availability, maintainability, resilience, recoverability, data integrity, and CPS safety. The proposed approach makes possible theoretical work and practical decisions, since it connects layer-by-layer indicators with layer indices, layer indices with system reliability, and system reliability with failure probability prediction.

The Role of Digital Transformation in Enhancing SME Resilience: Evidence from Post-Pandemic Business Recovery in the United Kingdom

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The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted major weaknesses in the resilience of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the United Kingdom, particularly in relation to financial stability, operational continuity, and their ability to respond to sudden disruptions. As SMEs make up the vast majority of the UK firms and a significant share of private-sector employment, the crisis generated substantial economic strain. Many of these businesses confronted severe challenges such as interruptions in supply networks, reduced consumer activity, and government-mandated shutdowns. In adapting to these conditions, a considerable number of SMEs accelerated their use of digital technologies including online sales platforms, cloud services, digital communication tools, and remote-working solutions.

This study explores how digital transformation contributes to strengthening SME resilience during the post-pandemic period. A quantitative methodology was used, drawing on a simulated survey of 500 SME leaders from a range of industries. The survey assessed the extent of digital integration alongside indicators of organisational resilience, managerial support for digital initiatives, and employee capability in using digital tools. The results show that firms with more advanced digital adoption demonstrated greater resilience, quicker recovery trajectories, and stronger adaptive capacity. Furthermore, leadership commitment and workforce digital proficiency significantly influenced how effectively digital tools contributed to resilience.

The research advances current academic discussions by offering empirical insights into the link between digital transformation and SME resilience. It also presents actionable recommendations for policymakers and support agencies seeking to promote digital uptake and reinforce the long-term sustainability of SMEs. The findings provide valuable guidance for improving organisational preparedness for future crises.

Functional and Radiological Outcomes of Closed Ankle Fractures Managed Non-Operatively Among Adults at Mulago National Referral Hospital Six Months Post-Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Background: Non-operative management is a common approach for treating closed ankle fractures at Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH) due to its potential benefits, including shorter hospital stays and the absence of surgical risks. Evaluating functional and radiological outcomes is essential for determining the success of this treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of ankle fractures managed non-operatively and to identify the factors associated with these outcomes.

Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed 93 adults with ankle fractures managed non-operatively at six months post-injury at Mulago National Referral Hospital. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score, while radiological outcomes included fracture union and ankle alignment parameters. Data were analyzed using STATA, and modified Poisson regression was applied to identify factors associated with functional and radiological outcomes.

Results: The mean age and standard deviation were 41+/-12 years. More females, n=49(52.7%), had ankle fractures. The commonest fracture type was Weber B n=65(69.9%)> Weber C n=16(17.2%)> Weber A n=12 (12.9%). The mean AOFAS-AH score was 82.9 ± 14.9. Patients had an AOFAS-AH score categorized as good (54.8%)>excellent (23.7%)>fair (16.1%)>poor (5.4%). Eight-six (92.5%) had radiological union, and 7(7.5%) had nonunion. 97.7% of the patients had a normal MCS, 80.2% normal TFO, 50% normal TCA, and 13.9% normal TFCS. Significant predictors of poor functional outcomes included being HIV-positive, Weber B fractures, and Weber C fractures. Predictors of good functional outcomes included receiving physiotherapy and initiating weight bearing at 4-6 weeks or after 6 weeks

Conclusion: The majority of participants achieved radiological union, though all united fractures resulted in malunion. Worse functional outcomes were associated with Weber classifications B and C, as well as HIV-positive status.