Articles

Morphological Forms and Metaphorical Dynamics of Banana Lexicon in Balinese Language: An Ecolinguistics Study

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This paper aims at (1) describing and analyzing the morphological forms of the Balinese lexicon on bananas, (2) analyzing the categories’ and revealing their dynamics, and (3) describing metaphors related to bananas and revealing their dynamics. Structural linguistic and Ecolinguistics theories proposed by Haugen are used for the analysis which refer to the three objectives. The data was collected through interview and observation methods; qualitative method was applied on the analysis of banana forms, the categories, as well as its metaphors. The dynamics of the lexicon were analyzed based on quantitative methods and descriptive-analytic technique. The results of the analysis were presented by using formal and informal methods completed with inductive and deductive techniques. The results of the analysis show (1) the morphological forms of the banana lexicon in Balinese are base forms (free morphemes), derived forms (affixed, reduplications, compound words, and phrasal forms); (2) the vocabulary of the banana lexicon consists of categories such as: 16 nouns, 16 numbers, 21 verbs, and 25 adjectives. Traditionally there are 18 types of bananas. In relation to the dynamics of banana lexicon there are found 4new names of bananas. The knowledge of the banana’s terms shows a decrease from generation to generation. This is evidenced by the results of the questioners for the older generation to adults, for the adolescents both the terms, the category of bananas and the knowledge of the Balinese metaphor for bananas.

Balinese Lexicons Related to Segehan Offerings: An Ecolinguistics Study

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Balinese Hindu Religion has various types of offerings from the simple ones to the most extravagant ones. Segehan is one of the simplest offerings conducted to maintain the harmony of nature and humans. The word segehan comes from the word suguh with the suffix –an, which means an offering presented to the manifestation of God in the form of Bhuta Kala in the hope of maintaining harmony and balance in nature. This offering is for the Bhuta Kala. This article aims to map the Balinese lexicons related to Segehan and the types of segehan by applying an ecolinguistics approach. Ecolinguistics discusses in detail how the environment influences the use of language in a community. The research is qualitatively conducted in Marga Village Tabanan and Badung Bali Indonesia. The Balinese Lexicons related to Segehan showed that there are lexicons related to nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Meanwhile, the types of Segehan are Segehan Putih Kuning, Segehan Barak, Segehan Selem, Segehan Manca Warna,  Segehan Lelipi, Segehan Wong-Wongan, Segehan Agung,  and Segehan Cacah.

Lexicon Variations on Traditional Weaving

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The research entitled Lexicon Variation on Traditional Weaving is a qualitative research focusses on the analysis of the semantic function of the lexicon process.  The focus of the analysis is formulated on two problems (1) types of lexicons weaving and (2) function and meaning of lexicon weaving. Observation and interview methods are applied for the data collection. Observation method is realized with interviewing the weavers when they do weave activity in the workshop. At the same time the owner of the weaving industry who is as the key informant is also interviewed. Unstructured deep interviewed was done for several weavers and the key informants. Theories on semantics from Leech (1981) and Lobner (2013) are applied for analysing the function and meaning of lexicons found in traditional weaving. It was found 100 of lexicons which were classified into 3 types. The dominant number of lexicons belong to the lexicon equipment which is followed apparently by lexicons for material and lexicons process. The semantic function of the lexicons in accordance with its classification is dominated by the lexicon process.

The Balinese Lexicons Related to Banten Munggah in Piodalan Alit Rituals: An Ecolinguistics Study

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Piodalan or Odalan is a Hindu religious ceremony known as commemoration of the birth or birthday of a temple. The Piodalan ritual can be performed once every six months (210 days) based on wuku calculations which refer to the Hindu calendar calculations, or every year if based on sasih or month calculations, and if done every year it is called Pujawali. This ceremony is carried out to express gratitude for the abundant blessing from Hyang Widhi Wasa (the Creator)

In its implementation, Piodalan ceremony uses upakara /ritual in the form of bebantenan /offerings of which forms depend on the village/place, kala/time, and patra /circumstances, therefore piodalan is distinguished according to the level of upakara, into alit/ small, madya/ middle, and agung/huge. This research aims to discuss (1) The lexicon involved in Banten Munggah of the piodalan alit rituals, and (2) the morphological forms of these lexicons. The theories applied to achieve these goals are ecolinguistic theory (language use related to the environment), and morphological theory (word formation/lexicon).

This research is descriptive-qualitative field research using observation and note-taking techniques. The results of the analysis are presented using formal and informal methods, with inductive and deductive techniques. This research was conducted in Tabanan and Gianyar Regencies. The results reveal (1) The lexicon related to Banten Munggah of piodalan alit ceremony includes the lexicons on the offerings placed on the individual temple in the compound (banten munggah), it includes Banten Pejati, banten cenik, banten pejrimpenan. (2) the morphological forms of these lexicons are in the base forms, forms with affixations or derived forms, reduplications, and compound words.

Ecolinguistics Study on Balinese Lexicons of Memande at Celuk Village Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia

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The study on Balinese lexicons related to Memande (silver and gold smith) at Celuk Village in Gianyar Bali concerned with the types of lexicons use in:  the materials, tools, products, and activities of the silver and goldsmiths. The study is field research in which the data were gathered in the field by applying in-depth interviews and observation with the silver and gold smiths. The theories of eco-linguistics and sociolinguistics were applied to analyse the data. The findings showed that there were 21 lexicons of tools, 5 lexicons of material, 25 lexicons of products, and 19 lexicons of activities.