Articles

Morphological Forms and Metaphorical Dynamics of Banana Lexicon in Balinese Language: An Ecolinguistics Study

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This paper aims at (1) describing and analyzing the morphological forms of the Balinese lexicon on bananas, (2) analyzing the categories’ and revealing their dynamics, and (3) describing metaphors related to bananas and revealing their dynamics. Structural linguistic and Ecolinguistics theories proposed by Haugen are used for the analysis which refer to the three objectives. The data was collected through interview and observation methods; qualitative method was applied on the analysis of banana forms, the categories, as well as its metaphors. The dynamics of the lexicon were analyzed based on quantitative methods and descriptive-analytic technique. The results of the analysis were presented by using formal and informal methods completed with inductive and deductive techniques. The results of the analysis show (1) the morphological forms of the banana lexicon in Balinese are base forms (free morphemes), derived forms (affixed, reduplications, compound words, and phrasal forms); (2) the vocabulary of the banana lexicon consists of categories such as: 16 nouns, 16 numbers, 21 verbs, and 25 adjectives. Traditionally there are 18 types of bananas. In relation to the dynamics of banana lexicon there are found 4new names of bananas. The knowledge of the banana’s terms shows a decrease from generation to generation. This is evidenced by the results of the questioners for the older generation to adults, for the adolescents both the terms, the category of bananas and the knowledge of the Balinese metaphor for bananas.

Bakat Passive in Balinese and Kena Passive in Indonesian: A Comparative Study

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: This study investigates the grammatical properties of analytic passive constructions in two languages: the bakat passive in Balinese and the kena passive in Indonesian. Although Indonesian kena passive has received substantial attention in prior work, the Balinese bakat passive remains largely underexamined. This research provides the first detailed description and analysis of bakat passive, addressing a significant gap in Balinese grammatical research. For kena passive, despite the availability of basic descriptions, recent studies of comparable constructions in languages such as Mandarin and Vietnamese underscore the need for a renewed analytical perspective. Incorporating these insights, this study proposes an updated analysis of Indonesian kena passive aligned with the depth and rigor of current cross-linguistic research.

The study primarily employs elicitation, involving regular sessions with native speakers to obtain grammaticality judgments, semantic interpretations, and other linguistic data. Additional evidence from Balinese and Indonesian corpora is used to test and refine the proposed hypotheses. The findings show that bakat passive and kena passive function as auxiliary verbs marking noncanonical passive constructions. Both encode “non-intentional” meaning through specific combinations with verbal roots of corresponding lemmas. They can also co-occur with canonical passive markers -a in Balinese and di- in Indonesian. These results advance our understanding of passive structure and syntactic organization in natural language.