Effect of Variability of Water Supply During 20 Days Before Harvest on the Morphological Characteristic of Red Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Red)

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This study aimed to determine the effects of different watering intervals, amount of water, and their interactions during the 20 days before harvest on the morphological characteristics of Red Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Red). This plant grows upright with thick stems and strong roots, and it can thrive in various soil conditions, including marginal soils, making it easy to find and widely cultivated (Ariyanto et al., 2020). The grass was propagated using stem cuttings planted in polybags and maintained accordingly. At 90 days of age, the plants were trimmed. The subsequent stage involved a maintenance period of 50 days to allow regrowth, followed by a 20-day treatment period. A factorial, completely randomized design (CRD) was used, and two factors were used. The first factor was watering interval (K): K1 – every 3 days, K2 – every 6 days, and K3 – every 9 days. The second factor was the amount of water (P): P1 – 4.61 L, P2 – 3.46 L, P3 – 2.30 L, and P4 – 1.15 L. The grass was harvested 70 days after trimming. Variables measured included plant height, number of leaves, tillers, and leaf-to-stem ratio. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that watering every 9 days produced the tallest plants, while the highest number of leaves was observed with a 6-day watering interval. An adequate amount of water improved the leaf-to-stem ratio, indicating better forage quality. Conversely, the number of tillers did not show significant changes, likely because treatments were applied after the early growth phase. Overall, Red Elephant Grass was able to grow optimally with less frequent watering and the appropriate amount of water.

Innovating Architectural Service Offerings for SMEs: A Design Thinking Approach

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 Entering a highly dynamic and competitive future, architectural services are no longer confined to designing spaces or planning buildings. Architects possess multidisciplinary skills that can extend into strategic roles—particularly in supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and communities that increasingly require design-informed solutions to stay competitive in a rapidly shifting market. However, many architects are unaware of how to reposition or promote their extended capabilities beyond conventional design, often lacking insight into the market segments that would benefit most from these services. To address this gap, this study applies a Design Thinking methodology—centered on empathy to explore how architects can innovate their service offerings to better align with the needs of SMEs. By collecting qualitative data through semi-structured interviews with SME business owners in fashion and food-related sectors, the study identifies pain points, unmet visual and spatial needs, and opportunities for collaboration. Additionally, business model innovation is used to reframe the architect’s role from a traditional service provider to a strategic design consultant. Findings reveal that while SMEs seek impactful and functional spatial design, they rarely consider architects as partners in solving such challenges. This study contributes a strategic framework for repositioning architectural services as user-driven, business-enhancing solutions—opening new pathways for architects within the creative economy.

Biohydrogen – An Alternate Promising Future Energy Source

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In the global market, the demand for energy is increasing along with the increasing population. To meet the demands, the source of energy plays an important role in the development of a nation’s economic growth and development. But in the current situation due to depletion of fossil fuel sources, renewable energy acts as an alternate energy source with their own advantages and limitations. Even energy production technologies from various sources have to be cost-effective, sustainable, and efficient. Many studies emphasized hydrogen as the better feasible and alternative energy source produced even from biomass of food, agricultural wastes, fossil fuels, and even wastewater with a wide variety of applications. Hence this review mainly focused on hydrogen production by biological methods. Along with its proper storage and handling which plays an important role in acting as an efficient energy source for hydrogen fuel cells.  Among biological methods, processes like Photobiological, Fermentative, and Anaerobic digestion were used for the generation of Hydrogen obtained by recycling food waste, and agricultural wastes. Hence the researchers are aiming at various strategies to increase the yield of Biohydrogen, to reach the demands of energy across the globe.

Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) in SME Banking: Strategic Branding and Relationship Building

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Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is a critical metric for understanding the long-term profitability of customer relationships in the banking sector, particularly for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This study explores the role of CLV in enhancing brand loyalty, customer retention, and strategic growth for Septemberbank in the West Java region. By integrating branding theories, relationship trust models, and qualitative insights from Septemberbank’s internal and external stakeholders, this paper identifies key drivers that influence CLV and proposes actionable strategies for maximizing customer lifetime revenue. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, including semi-structured interviews with SME clients and internal banking personnel, alongside secondary data analysis. Findings highlight the importance of trust, personalized services, and structured referral programs in building long-term relationships with SME customers, thereby increasing their lifetime value to the bank.

Adapted Gagné Model for Gifted and Talented Students in the Nowadays Technical VET

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This proposal outlines an adapted model for secondary Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) based on Gagné’s Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent (DMGT), aimed at nurturing the unique aptitudes of gifted learners. In recognizing the distinct needs of these students, the model integrates individualized learning paths, enhanced curriculum rigor, and project-based learning opportunities. The identification process uses comprehensive assessments to tailor educational plans. This ensures personalized engagement and progression that culminates in personal development. The proposed model focuses on adopting enhanced curricula in advanced fields such as robotics to prepare gifted students for future industry demands. Project-based learning, facilitated through partnerships with local industries, bridges theoretical knowledge with practical application. Continuous professional development for educators and mentorship programs further supports the effective implementation of the model. This approach aligns with future trends in TVET, emphasizing practical competencies and competence-based learning.

Designing an Educational Monitoring System (EMS) Framework for Evaluating Effectiveness in VET

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The article is an answer of the imperative need to align vocational education and training (VET) with the dynamic demands of the modern economy. The objective of the article is to develop feasible and practical guidelines for the implementation of pedagogical monitoring within VET institutions. It is proposed and an Educational Monitoring System framework for dynamic and online assessment criteria, which conceptualizes monitoring as a systematically organized, continuous process of inquiry and multidimensional analysis of dynamic indicators. The study states the key objects and principal directions of pedagogical monitoring in the VET contexts. It is also given a proposed implementation exemplary stage with their particular features and timings as well as nine fundamental author-developed guidelines for establishing such a system. The current article presents a continuation and conceptual generalization of the author’s empirical study entitled “Developing Models for Measuring and Evaluating Success in Vocational and Professional Education and Training. An Empirical Study” as well as design of a framework for assessment effectiveness in VET.

Transforming Enterprise Application Rationalizations: A Design Thinking Approach to Customer-Centric Innovation

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This article explores the capacity of design thinking (DT) to transform corporate application rationalization in multinational companies. This article is broadly targeted at IT stakeholders, from expert levels to chief technology officers (CTOs) in large multinational companies with a mandate to make complex application portfolios easier. This case study was conducted at one of the world’s largest tobacco companies, with around 2,600 applications running across the world to cater to its 180 markets. In the context of thousands of applications in the IT landscape, simplifying the portfolio aids in maximizing efficiency and facilitating digital transformation objectives. We outline a user-focused application evaluation process that decommission, consolidation via design thinking via empathy, ideation, and prototyping. The study employs the UX Honeycomb model to quantify usability and user satisfaction within applications and proceeds to employ A/B testing to confirm its validity. The study reveals that the incorporation of end-user feedback within the rationalization process significantly raises adoption levels and aligns the IT environment with business objectives. The research establishes that a customer-centric approach is required in a bid to achieve long-term innovation and operational success.

Analysis of The Application of SAK EMKM In Improving The Quality of Financial Statements at UMKM Himalayan Coffee

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The food and drink company Himalayan Kopi makes a decent profit every year. However, the financial reporting of this firm does not yet meet accounting standards since manual recording is still being used. One of main issues with adopting the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) is the lack of awareness among MSME owners. This research will look at how MSMEs in the Himalayan coffee industry have adopted SAK EMKM to make their financial reports more credible. This study takes a qualitative approach by using a case study to investigate MSMEs in the Himalayan coffee industry. Notation, interviews, and careful observation were the tools used for data collection. According to the results of the research, Himalayan Kopi MSME’s financial reports were less comprehensive and less methodical before SAK EMKM was implemented. This was because the reports just detailed cash inflows and outflows, rather than the overall financial health of the firm. With SAK EMKM in place, financial reports are more organized and accurate, allowing for a more precise assessment of business performance. Financial data that may support business choices is made more open via SAK EMKM, which is an additional perk. To better prepare for the difficulties of implementing this standard, businesses may consider taking accounting classes and seeking assistance with preparing financial reports in accordance with applicable standards.

Web Assembly and Blockchain for High-Performance Secure Front-End Systems

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Web Assembly (Wasm) and blockchain technology offer a viable solution for reliable and high-performance front-end systems. Wasm provides high execution speeds by incorporating code from high-level languages to improvise on performance limitations. Its sand-boxed execution model enhances security by extenuating memory-related weaknesses. Similarly, blockchain reinforces security with decentralized, tamper-resistant data structures and smart contracts. Conventional blockchain frameworks often suffer from computational overhead, but Wasm-based execution platforms like Polkadot and EOS optimize resource utilization and improve interoperability. This integration facilitates high-speed, reliable interactions in decentralized applications (dApps). Potential benefits include fast and secure off-chain computations, hence reducing blockchain congestion in front-end frameworks. However, challenges remain in securing Wasm execution in decentralized environments and optimizing blockchain and Wasm interoperability. A promising direction is to exploit Just-In-Time (JIT), Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation schemes along with zero-knowledge proofs to further enhance performance and security characteristics. By coupling Wasm’s efficiency with blockchain’s security, scalable and decentralized front-end systems are evolving to meet challenging web demand scenarios.

The Need for The Development of Canva-Assisted Animated Video Learning Media in The Cultivation and Development of Honest Attitudes in Pancasila Education in Elementary Schools

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Honest attitude becomes the focus in the development of learning at school age and becomes a character that is in accordance with the values of Pancasila. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of needs of students and teachers on canva-assisted animated video learning media in the cultivation and development of honest attitudes.  The type of research is descriptive qualitative with research subjects of elementary school students and teachers in Mojosongo sub-district. The instrument used is a questionnaire, with the indicator being the need for canva-assisted animated video learning media in supporting the cultivation and development of honest attitudes. The results showed that: 1) 100% concluded that learning to cultivate and develop honest attitudes at this time with the lecture method and not using Canva assistance; 2) 100% concluded that it is necessary to develop learning to cultivate and develop honest attitudes with media using Canva-assisted media because it has space to interpret its meanings; 3) 100% concluded that it is necessary to develop learning to cultivate and develop honest attitudes using Canva-assisted media because it can develop interaction; 4) 100% concluded that teachers and students agree to develop learning to cultivate and develop honest attitudes using Canva-assisted media. Based on the results of the questionnaire analysis, it can be concluded that it is necessary to develop Canva-assisted animated video learning media in Pancasila Education for the cultivation and development of honest attitudes.