Effect of Different Levels of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Variety Flip 94

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop valued for its nutritional quality and role in sustainable agriculture. However, productivity is often constrained by low soil fertility and poor nutrient management, particularly phosphorus deficiency. A field experiment was conducted during the 2025 growing season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University, Afghanistan, to evaluate the effect of different levels of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer on growth and yield of chickpea variety Flip 94. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five DAP levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha⁻¹) and three replications. Results showed that DAP application significantly influenced all growth and yield parameters, while replication effects were non-significant. Treatment 3 (100 kg ha⁻¹ DAP) consistently performed best, recording the highest plant height (34.23 cm), number of branches per plant (4.92), number of pods per plant (37.47), grains per pod (1.93), and grain yield (5.52 t ha⁻¹). In contrast, the control treatment recorded the lowest values for all studied traits. The improved performance under optimal DAP application is attributed to enhanced nutrient availability, better root development, increased nodulation, and improved photosynthetic efficiency, which collectively supported stronger vegetative growth and reproductive development. In conclusion, application of DAP fertilizer significantly improves chickpea growth and yield under Kabul agro-climatic conditions. Treatment 3 (100 kg ha⁻¹ DAP) was identified as the most effective dose for maximizing productivity of chickpea variety Flip 94.

Soybean Cultivation in Afghanistan: A Review of Varietal Adaptability, Agronomic Practices, and Food Security Opportunities

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Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a globally important legume and oilseed crop, valued for its high protein and oil content as well as its role in sustainable agriculture through biological nitrogen fixation [12,8]. Despite its global significance, soybean adoption in Afghanistan remains limited, with cereal-based systems dominating production and contributing to nutritional deficiencies and soil fertility decline [13]. Introducing soybean into Afghan farming systems offers opportunities to diversify production, enhance food security, and restore soil health [2,15].

This review synthesizes global advances in soybean research—including genomics, multi omics, and climate resilient breeding strategies [20,22,33]—alongside regional experiences from South Asia and localized trials in Afghanistan [25,26,30,34]. Evidence from Pakistan [25,31], India [26,32], Bangladesh [30,24], and Iran [34] demonstrates soybean’s potential to improve soil fertility, strengthen climate resilience, and meet rising demand for protein rich food and feed [24,25,26,30,34]. Afghan specific trials in Kabul Province have identified promising varieties such as LD109168, LD0910911, Stine30E32, and which achieved yields above 2,500 kg ha⁻¹ under semi-arid conditions [1,7,9]. However, adoption remains constrained by weak seed systems, limited farmer awareness, and underdeveloped processing infrastructure [30].

By integrating global lessons with Afghan realities, this review highlights soybean’s potential as a strategic crop for food security and sustainable agriculture under semi-arid conditions, while underscoring the need for investment in seed systems, extension services, and processing industries [5].

Media Framing of Indonesia’s Capital Relocation: Political Legitimacy, Cultural Symbolism, and National Identity in Digital News Coverage

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The relocation of Indonesia’s capital from Jakarta to Nusantara in East Kalimantan is not merely an administrative and infrastructural policy, but also a symbolic act of political communication. Online news media play a central role in translating this state-led project into public narratives that shape perceptions of legitimacy, cultural meaning, and national identity. This study examines how Indonesian online news media frame the capital relocation through three dimensions: political legitimacy, cultural symbolism, and national identity. Using a qualitative design, the study applies Pan and Kosicki’s framing analysis model, which examines news discourse through syntactic, script, thematic, and rhetorical structures. The data consist of five online news articles published by DetikNews and DetikJatim concerning symbolic events in the early phase of the Nusantara project, particularly the ritual of uniting soil and water from provinces across Indonesia in the Kendi Nusantara. The findings reveal three dominant frames. First, the political legitimacy frame emphasizes presidential leadership, governors’ participation, and coordinated state authority. Second, the cultural symbolism frame highlights ritual objects, cultural metaphors, and historical references such as Tanah Air, Kendi Nusantara, and Majapahit heritage. Third, the national identity frame presents the relocation as a collective national project that symbolically integrates diverse regions into a shared political imagination. These frames show how online news media transform a complex policy issue into a culturally resonant narrative of authority, unity, and national future-making. The study contributes to political communication and framing research by demonstrating how digital journalism legitimizes large-scale state projects through symbolic storytelling.

Development of Outdoor Learning Mathematics Project Based Learning Tools on Simple and Compound Interest to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Ability

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This research is motivated by the continued dominance of conventional mathematics learning in vocational high schools, which rarely incorporates practical and contextual activities. Consequently, students’ critical thinking skills remain suboptimal, and learning tools based on the Outdoor Learning Mathematics Project (OLMP) are not yet available. This study aims to describe the process and results of developing OLMP-based learning tools for the topic of simple and compound interest that are valid, practical, and effective in improving vocational high school students’ critical thinking skills. This Research and Development (R&D) study adopted the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). The subjects were 11th-grade students at SMKS 1 Pancasila Ambulu Jember. The developed tools included a Teaching Module, Student Worksheets (LKM), a FRISCO-oriented Critical Thinking Skills Test Package, and a User Manual. The results indicated that the learning tools met the validity criteria, with an average expert validity score (𝑉𝑎) ranging from 3.68 to 3.78 (valid category). The practicality criteria were also met, evidenced by an average learning implementation score of 3.78 (high category), a student activity rate of 91.35% (very active category), and a positive student response rate of 96.19%. Furthermore, the effectiveness criteria were achieved with a learning mastery rate of 85% (exceeding the 70% threshold), a moderate-to-high increase in the average N-Gain score, and an independent sample t-test showing a statistically significant difference compared to the control class (𝑝 < 0.05). Based on these findings, it is concluded that the OLMP-based learning tools for simple and compound interest are valid, practical, and effective in enhancing the critical thinking skills of vocational high school students.

English Majors’ Perceived Effects of the Use of TikTok on Self-Regulated Learning

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The use of social media platforms has been popular among EFL learners and has become a topic of interest to researchers around the world in various academic contexts. This study, therefore, investigated the perceived effects of TikTok on self-regulated language learning strategies of English majors at a private university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, for comprehensive insights. The study involved 103 English-majored freshmen, who participated in the completion of the questionnaire; concurrently, 10 of them were recruited for the semi-structured interviews via convenience sampling. Subsequently, quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS 27, and qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis. There were 64 females (62.1%) and 39 males ( 37.9%), whose responses were considered valid for the analysis procedures. The findings of the numerical data and interview responses indicated that the use of TikTok for SRL activities was frequent and regular, with general positive perceptions towards its effects on autonomous learning, which were illustrated through 4 dimensions: Metacognition, Cognition, Motivation, and Behavioural/Emotional aspects. Moreover, the results of Skewness and Kurtosis fell within the recommended thresholds of ±1, suggesting acceptable normality of the data distribution. By acknowledging the favourable results, this study demonstrates TikTok’s potential as a valuable tool for self-regulated English learning, fostering learners’ autonomous behaviour and motivation. However, limited generalizability due to small sample size, reliance on self-reported data, cross-sectional design, and the focus on one group of participants remained the limitations of the current study, leaving room for future suggestions on longitudinal and multi-context studies.

Knowledge of Content and Students Rules in Planning Mathematical Literacy Lesson: A Case Study of Preservice Teacher from Bachelor of Mathematics

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Knowledge of Content and Student (KCS) is a crucial component of teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge because it enables teachers to anticipate students’ characteristics and use this knowledge to make appropriate instructional decisions. In the context of mathematics literacy, teachers are expected not only to understand mathematical content but also to anticipate how students engage with contextual mathematical problems. This study aims to explore the KCS of a pre-service mathematics teacher from bachelor of mathematics in planning integrated mathematics literacy instruction. A qualitative case study design was used. Data were collected through observations of lesson plans, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews and analyzed using methodological triangulation. The findings indicate that the participant developed knowledge about students by identifying their prior knowledge, anticipating learning difficulties, and considering students’ interests and motivations before making instructional decisions. These forms of pedagogical anticipation informed the selection of contextual learning tasks, instructional approaches, grouping strategies, and various activities. However, the participants tended to interpret students’ readiness for mathematics literacy learning through the lens of prerequisite mathematical knowledge, while explicit anticipation of students’ mathematics literacy processes received relatively less attention. This study demonstrates that planning mathematics literacy lessons requires teachers not only to identify prerequisite mathematical knowledge but also to anticipate students’ readiness throughout the entire mathematics literacy process. These findings contribute to an understanding of how KCS are applied in mathematics literacy lesson planning and provide implications for strengthening pre-service mathematics teacher education.

Case-Based Learning-Oriented Textbook: An Effort to Train Students’ Chemistry Problem Solving Skills

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Higher education plays a strategic role in developing the intellectual life of the nation and is part of the national education system. Chemistry learning should not only focus on mastering concepts but also on students’ ability to apply these concepts in real-world contexts through problem-solving skills to meet the challenges of the 21st century. This research aims to develop a case-based learning-oriented textbook that can train prospective teacher students’ chemistry problem-solving skills. This research method used Research and Development (R&D) as proposed by Borg and Gall, limited to the development stage. Data collection used non-test techniques, seeking validation from three subject matter and pedagogical experts. Quantitative descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The validity test results showed that the case-based learning-oriented textbook was valid, with an Aiken validity index of 0.87 (high validity). Furthermore, the textbook can be used as a means to facilitate student learning activities in case-based learning to train prospective teacher students’ chemistry problem-solving skills, so that the function of this textbook can be maximized.

Effectiveness of the Rupiah Literacy Policy Through the www.cbprupiah.com Website in Mataram City, Indonesia

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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Rupiah literacy policy implemented through the CBP Rupiah website www.cbprupiahntb.com in Mataram City and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors affecting its implementation. The program is part of Bank Indonesia’s Love, Pride, and Understanding of Rupiah (CBP Rupiah) policy, which seeks to enhance public understanding of the functions, value, and role of the Rupiah as the national legal tender and a symbol of national sovereignty. This study employed a qualitative research approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. Informants were selected purposively and included representatives of Bank Indonesia’s West Nusa Tenggara Regional Office, school principals, teachers, and students from elementary, junior high, and senior high schools in Mataram City. Data were analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña interactive model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the Rupiah literacy program delivered through the CBP Rupiah website is effective based on three policy effectiveness indicators: goal attainment, resource efficiency, and adaptability. The program successfully improved public knowledge, awareness, and positive attitudes toward the Rupiah through interactive educational methods and digital media utilization. Resource efficiency was reflected in the optimal use of human resources, educational facilities, and information technology without imposing significant additional burdens on schools. Adaptability was demonstrated through the use of digital platforms, the adjustment of learning methods to participants’ characteristics, and continuous program evaluation. Supporting factors included institutional support from Bank Indonesia, digital technology utilization, school support, student participation, and relevant educational materials. Inhibiting factors included limited website accessibility, inadequate digital literacy, time constraints, and intense information competition in the digital era.

Drivers of Goat-Coffee Integrated Farming System Adoption in East Java, Indonesia: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Approach

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Integrated farming systems are increasingly promoted as farm-level strategies to improve resource-use efficiency, reduce dependence on external inputs, and strengthen smallholder resilience. In coffee-based farming areas, goat–coffee integration offers a circular model in which goat manure can be processed as organic fertilizer for coffee plantations, while farm vegetation and surrounding biomass may support livestock feed availability. This study examines the behavioral determinants of farmers’ intention and adoption of goat–coffee integrated farming systems in East Java, Indonesia, using an extended Theory of Planned Behavior framework. Survey data were collected from 230 coffee farmers in Madiun (n = 110) and Bondowoso (n = 120) and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling with SmartPLS 3.0. The results show that the model explained 56.9% of the variance in intention and 58.1% of the variance in adoption. Attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, injunctive group norms, and descriptive group norms positively and significantly influenced intention. Adoption was directly and significantly influenced by intention, perceived behavioral control, descriptive group norms, and attitude, whereas subjective norms and injunctive group norms had no significant direct effect on adoption. All indirect effects through intention were significant. These findings indicate that adoption is shaped by both motivational and implementation-capacity pathways. Extension programs should therefore combine benefit communication, peer-based demonstration, farmer-group mobilization, and practical assistance in manure processing, feed planning, and low-labor integration practices.

Overview of Neuroplasticity in the Application of the Reverse Whole Brain Model in College Students

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Modifications applied when using Whole Brain, from the initial application of the left quadrant to the right, to the change from the right quadrant to the left. The formulation of research questions; What is the modified form of the Whole Brain model?, What are the learning outcomes obtained from the use of the modified Whole Brain model? Can the results obtained from the use of modified Whole Brain models be used as tangible evidence of neuroplasticity?. The researcher used a quantitative descriptive design. This design illustrates how the Reverse Whole Brain Model was used based on the respondents. The researcher uses a questionnaire to collect research data. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher using Slavin’s (1995) Theory of Effectiveness. Researchers also used the Trail Making Test as a data collection instrument. TCR (Respondent Achievement Level/Tingkat Capaian Responden) was used to analyze the questionnaire data. TMT-A was analyzed using parametric tests, and TMT-B was analyzed using nonparametric tests. The Reverse Whole Brain model is considered effective in teaching and learning. The results show that the application of this model in the Listening and Speaking II class is considered an appropriate learning model. It also concluded that the students experience neuroplasticity.