Comparative Effects of Two Organic Fertilizers, Inorganic Fertilizer, and Their Integrated Application on Growth and Yield of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Kabul Condition

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The sustainable management of soil fertility is essential for improving common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity under the semi-arid conditions of Afghanistan. This study evaluated the comparative effects of two organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizer (NPK), and their integrated application on the growth and yield performance of common bean during the 2025 growing season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six fertilizer treatments and three replications. Growth traits, yield components, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were separated by Tukey’s HSD test at the 5% probability level. Fertilizer treatments significantly influenced most growth and yield parameters. The integrated application of 50% OF-1 + 50% NPK (T5) consistently produced superior plant growth, increased yield components, and achieved the highest grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index compared with the sole application of organic or inorganic fertilizers and the unfertilized control. The improved performance of the integrated treatment was attributed to enhanced nutrient availability and more efficient nutrient utilization throughout the crop growth period. These findings demonstrate that integrated nutrient management is a sustainable and effective strategy for increasing common bean productivity under semi-arid agroecological conditions. Future studies should evaluate long-term effects of integrated nutrient management under diverse agroecological conditions.

Investigation of Parity Violation in Neutron Resonances: A Comparative Kinematic and Resonance Approach

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Parity violation in neutron resonances is regarded as one of the most sensitive manifestations of weak-interaction effects in complex nuclear systems. Although the weak nucleon–nucleon interaction is significantly weaker than the strong interaction, parity-violating observables in neutron-induced compound-nucleus resonances can be remarkably enhanced due to the specific characteristics of the nuclear energy-level structure. This phenomenon has been interpreted within two main theoretical frameworks: the kinematic approach, which describes parity-violating observables through the interference of neutron scattering amplitudes associated with partial waves of opposite parity, and the resonance approach, which explains the microscopic origin of this enhancement through compound-nucleus formation, weak-interaction-induced mixing of states with opposite parity, and resonant effects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the complementary roles of the kinematic and resonance approaches in explaining parity violation in neutron resonances and to provide a comprehensive interpretation consistent with theoretical and experimental evidence. A systematic review methodology based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines was employed. Relevant theoretical and experimental studies were identified through comprehensive searches of Google Scholar, INSPIRE-HEP, APS Journals, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and arXiv. Eligible studies were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the extracted evidence was examined using qualitative comparative analysis. The findings indicate that parity violation in neutron resonances cannot be explained solely in terms of the weak interaction or nuclear structure alone. Rather, the observed enhancement results from the simultaneous contribution of four fundamental factors: the weak interaction, compound-nucleus formation, mixing of opposite-parity s-wave and p-wave states, and resonance enhancement.

Comparative analysis demonstrates that the kinematic and resonance approaches are not competing theories but rather complementary descriptions of the same physical phenomenon. The kinematic approach provides an effective description of measurable observables such as scattering amplitudes, cross sections, polarization effects, and spin rotation, whereas the resonance approach explains the microscopic origin of these quantities through the S-matrix formulation, weak-interaction mixing mechanisms, and the Breit–Wigner resonance theory. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the extraordinary sensitivity of neutron resonances is primarily associated with the small energy separation between nuclear states rather than with an increase in the intrinsic strength of the weak interaction. According to the mixing relation, a reduction in the energy difference between states of opposite parity leads to a significant increase in the mixing coefficient and, consequently, to an enhancement of parity-violating effects. Therefore, this study presents an integrated theoretical framework in which both the kinematic and resonance approaches are employed simultaneously to provide a more complete and consistent explanation of parity violation in neutron resonances.

A Comparative Machine Learning Approach for Usability Evaluation of Localized Software in Afghanistan

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Usability is one of the most important software quality attributes in determining user satisfaction, productivity and system acceptance. Afghanistan is a multilingual country, and usability problems with localized software applications may occur due to linguistic diversity, cultural differences, and scarce resources for evaluating the usability of software applications. These traditional usability assessment techniques, such as heuristic evaluation and laboratory testing, are difficult to implement in a capacity-constrained environment, as they require significant time, expertise and funds. The study suggests an automatic usability evaluation framework by machine learning techniques for localized software systems in Afghanistan. Data were gathered from ISO 9241-11 usability framework-based structured questionnaires from users of localized software applications. After collecting the responses, they were subjected to a pre-processing procedure involving cleaning, encoding and normalizing. Three supervised machine learning algorithms Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were trained and tested with 80:20 ratio of training and test data. Model performance was evaluated using the accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score and confusion matrix analysis. Experimental results indicate that the highest accuracy of 91.4% is obtained by DT followed by SVM with 90.0% accuracy and KNN with 88.7%. The results show that the Decision Tree is a good model for balancing the prediction accuracy and interpretation of local software environments. The proposed framework has been designed to be both scalable and cost-effective, and can be used to complement existing usability evaluation methods, and can also be used to aid in software quality improvement efforts in multilingual and developing country settings.

Comparative Analysis of Electron Emission Mechanisms and Evaluation of a Suitable Method for Practical Electron Sources

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Electron emission is a fundamental process in electron sources used in scientific, medical, and industrial applications. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate major electron emission mechanisms and identify their suitability for practical electron sources based on emission performance, beam quality, vacuum requirements, thermal stability, and operational lifetime. A comparative analytical review was conducted using scientific literature obtained through structured searches of major academic databases and scholarly platforms. Five emission mechanisms were evaluated: thermionic emission, field emission, photoelectric emission, secondary electron emission, and plasma cathode emission. Relevant parameters, including current density, operating pressure, beam stability, thermal effects, emission efficiency, and cathode lifetime, were extracted and comparatively analyzed. The findings show that plasma cathodes provide a major advantage for high-current electron sources, achieving current densities of approximately 100 A/cm² and stable operation under fore-vacuum conditions. The analysis also demonstrated that plasma-cathode beam current is strongly influenced by gas pressure and accelerating voltage, with excessive pressure increasing electron scattering and ion neutralization. Thermionic cathodes provide stable operation but are affected by high-temperature requirements and associated thermal deformation. Gallium arsenide photocathodes provide high beam quality and low emittance but require stringent vacuum conditions for stable operation. Discharge-control techniques, including cathode-spot localization and negative current feedback, were also found to improve plasma-source stability. Overall, plasma cathodes are particularly suitable for high-current electron sources operating under non-ideal vacuum conditions, whereas photocathodes are advantageous for applications requiring high beam quality and low emittance. The selection of an emission mechanism should therefore be based on the specific operating and performance requirements of the intended application.

When Social Responsibility Meets Profitability: Determinants of Firm Value in Indonesian Mining Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

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This study examines the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure and profitability ratios on firm value among mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). CSR disclosure was measured using an index based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards 2016, while profitability was proxied by four indicators: Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Asset (ROA), Gross Profit Margin (GPM), and Net Profit Margin (NPM). Firm value was measured using Price Book Value (PBV). The sample was selected through purposive sampling from a population of 46 mining companies listed on the IDX during 2020–2024, resulting in five companies that met all the criteria and a total of 25 observations. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS following classical assumption testing. The results show that CSR disclosure has a positive and significant effect on firm value. Among the four profitability indicators, only ROE has a significant positive effect on firm value, while ROA, GPM, and NPM have no significant effect. Simultaneously, CSR and profitability ratios significantly affect firm value, with a coefficient of determination of 80.2%. These findings are relevant amid the recent slowdown in Indonesia’s mining sector and the ongoing transition of sustainability reporting regulation toward standards aligned with the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB).

Public Sentiment Toward Electric Vehicle Adoption: A Case Study of Semarang, Indonesia

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The growth of Indonesia’s population has led to a significant increase in vehicle volume, contributing substantially to CO2 emissions and air pollution. Central Java Province ranks third nationally in vehicle numbers, with Semarang City recorded as having the highest air pollution level in Indonesia, reaching an air quality index (AQI) score of 107 in March 2024. One of the strategies to mitigate this pollution is the transition from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs). However, this transformation requires an understanding of public perception and readiness. This study aims to analyze public sentiment toward the transformation of electric vehicles in Semarang City using sentiment analysis based on the Indonesian RoBERTa model. Data was collected using an online questionnaire distributed to 1,025 respondents aged 17 years or above. Respondents answered questions covering three aspects: (Q1) perception of EV quality as a personal vehicle, (Q2) perception of the government’s role in policy and infrastructure, and (Q3) perception of the EV transformation process in Semarang City. The results indicate that positive sentiment dominates only in Q1 (49.95%), reflecting public confidence in EV quality for personal use. Besides, Q2 and Q3 are dominated by neutral sentiment (41.5% and 52%, respectively), with Q2 even showing a higher percentage of negative sentiment (33.8%) than positive sentiment (24.7%), indicating dissatisfaction with current government policy and infrastructure support. These findings suggest that although Semarang City has strong potential for EV transformation, government policies and supporting infrastructure, such as public EV charging stations (SPKLU), need substantial improvement to accelerate public adoption and strengthen positive sentiment toward electric vehicles.

Secondary Aluminum Dross and Salt Slag Treatment: A Critical Review of Integrated Value Recovery, Risk Control, And Industrial Readiness

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Secondary aluminum dross and salt slag are heterogeneous secondary resources whose entrained metal, alumina-bearing phases, aluminum nitride (AlN), chlorides, fluorides, and fine particles create coupled recovery and safety constraints. This structured critical narrative review maps 106 publications from 2020 to 2026 and evaluates physical, thermal, aqueous, and product-oriented routes without claiming systematic review or PRISMA compliance. Conservative evidence coding identified one industrial campaign (Class A), one pilot study (Class B), no continuous integrated Class C study, 86 laboratory studies on real dross (Class D), five modeling or proof-of-concept studies (Class E), and 13 supporting reviews or contextual sources. Selected studies reported metallic aluminum recovery above 92% and up to approximately 98%, chloride removal above 92%, and AlN conversion of 92.45–99.03%; these results are not directly comparable because of differences in feed assays, particle size, residence time, and system boundaries. A metal-first sequence is therefore conditionally preferred when the net value of recovered metal justifies the operation and when removal reduces the hydrogen inventory of the wet circuit. Stoichiometrically, 1 kg AlN can generate 0.415 kg NH₃ (0.597 m³ at 25 °C and 1 atm), while 1 kg metallic Al can generate 0.112 kg H₂ (1.360 m³) under complete reaction. Washing, controlled hydrolysis, salt crystallization, gas capture, and mineral conversion must consequently be designed as one integrated system. Laboratory production of alumina, spinel, refractories, adsorbents, or cementitious materials demonstrates conversion, not circularity, unless product specifications, durability, leaching stability, multi-cycle recycle, controlled purges, and harmonized life-cycle and techno-economic boundaries are verified. The review provides route-specific readiness ratings, quantitative design bases, and objective go/no-go gates for industrial development.

Job Demands, Resources, Occupational Burnout, And Individual Work Performance Among Commune-Level Civil Servants: Evidence from Gia Lai, Vietnam

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The operation of Vietnam’s two-tier local government system, comprising the provincial and commune levels, has heightened the requirements placed upon commune-level civil servants in relation to initiative, coordination, digital casework, and accountability for outputs. This study examines the associations among personal resources, the work environment, job demands, new-task demands, occupational burnout, and individual work performance. Data were collected in 2026 from 563 non-managerial professional civil servants working at commune level in Gia Lai Province. The scales were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and covariance-based structural equation modelling in SPSS and AMOS; indirect effects were evaluated using 5,000 bootstrap resamples. The model demonstrated a good fit to the data (χ²/df=1.280; CFI=0.978; TLI=0.976; RMSEA=0.022; SRMR=0.034) and explained 42.6% of the variance in occupational burnout and 59.3% of the variance in individual work performance. Job demands and new-task demands were positively associated with burnout, whereas burnout was negatively associated with work performance. Implementation competence exhibited the strongest direct association with performance, followed by digital adaptability and public service motivation. Although the work environment did not demonstrate a sufficiently robust direct association with performance, it contributed to lower burnout. Both indirect paths, JD→BO→IWP and DQ→BO→IWP, were statistically significant. The findings indicate that strengthening administrative performance at commune level requires an integrated approach combining competence development, work design, digital support, and the prevention of sustained occupational depletion.

Biological Characteristics, Innovative Isolation Methods, and Clinical Role of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: Review

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Exosomes are a subset of nano-sized (30–150 nm) extracellular vehicles (EVs) released by cells through the endosomal route, you know like they get made inside and then pushed out.

Objective: The primary objective of this scientific review is to give a broad and current appraisal of the intricate biological layout of exosomes, plus modern isolation technologies (for instance microfluidics and spectroscopy), and finally their clinical meaning for cancer detection and treatment.

Methods: This article is arranged following systematic review logic based on credible scientific sources from the last decade 2015–2025. Data collection involved international databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis looks at how exosome biogenesis connects with drug delivery systems (DDS), and how that whole interplay affects the tumor microenvironment, using both qualitative and quantitative comparative approaches. The guidelines from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) were used as a kind of standard for study rigor.

Key Findings: A growing body of research suggests that exosomes work as important intercellular message carriers, meaning they are deeply involved in cancer metastasis. Their nano-sized form, the potential to move across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and their inherent biocompatibility make them a stronger, more natural alternative in comparison with synthetic nanoparticles. Innovative methods such as microfluidics have cut the isolation time a lot, and pairing exosomes with the CRISPR-Cas system has basically opened new directions for gene therapy. In the end, the review also tackles difficulties in standardization and large-scale production, while stressing that exosome engineering is likely the upcoming step change for precision cancer therapy.

Performance Evaluation of Laser Spectroscopy Techniques for Isotope Identification and Separation Based on Isotope Shifts

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Laser spectroscopy has become one of the most important technologies for isotope identification and separation because of its high spectral resolution and its ability to accurately measure isotope shifts. Despite significant advances in this field, a comprehensive comparative evaluation of different laser spectroscopy methods in terms of their physical principles, measurement accuracy, and isotope separation capabilities is still required. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the performance of laser spectroscopy methods for isotope identification and separation based on their underlying physical principles, spectral resolution, sensitivity, and applications. This study was conducted as a systematic review, in which publications retrieved from major scientific databases were identified, screened, and analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the mass shift and the field shift constitute the fundamental physical basis for isotope discrimination. Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (CLS), owing to its very high spectral resolution, is the most suitable technique for the precise measurement of isotope shifts and the investigation of nuclear structure, whereas Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) and Molecular Laser Isotope Separation (MLIS) exhibit high efficiency in the selective separation of isotopes. Furthermore, the development of narrow-linewidth lasers, frequency stabilization systems, and advanced data-processing techniques has significantly improved the accuracy and sensitivity of these technologies. Overall, the selection of an appropriate method depends on the intended application, the type of isotope, and the required measurement accuracy. This study provides a comparative framework for understanding the capabilities and limitations of laser spectroscopy methods and can contribute to the future development of isotope identification and separation technologies