Articles

Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Neurological Complications: Review

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Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the chronic metabolic diseases with a prevalence that continues to increase globally. This disorder not only affects glucose metabolism but also causes multisystem complications, including neurological complications such as peripheral neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment.

Objective: This study aims to comprehensively analyze the latest empirical evidence regarding the relationship between type 2 diabetes (DMT2) and the risk of neurological complications.

Methods: This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following the PRISMA method.

Results: The findings indicate that DMT2 patients have a higher risk of developing neurological complications, both peripheral and central. Certain antidiabetic medications, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, show protective effects in reducing the risk of dementia and neurodegeneration. Additionally, factors such as disease duration, age at diagnosis, and genetic status (e.g., APOE ε4) also contribute to variations in risk levels. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as regular physical activity and good metabolic control, have also been shown to improve cognitive function and slow the progression of neuropathy.

Conclusion: Based on the study results, DMT2 significantly increases the risk of neurological complications through mechanisms of inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance that affect nerve tissues. Pharmacological interventions with modern agents such as GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors show protective prospects against neurodegeneration.

Factors Associated with Chronic Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in The Coastal Community of Konawe Islands

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Long-term, uncontrolled hyperglycemia can trigger macrovascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, significantly increasing morbidity and mortality.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze factors associated with chronic macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly people in coastal communities in the Konawe Islands Regency.

Methods: This study was quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was all 256 elderly people with type 2 DM in the period January–September 2025. A sample of 160 respondents was selected using simple random sampling and met the inclusion criteria. Independent variables included duration of diabetes, obesity, blood sugar control, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and physical activity. Data analysis was performed using the Spearman rank test and logistic regression.

Results: Factors significantly associated with macrovascular complications were duration of diabetes mellitus (p=0.00), obesity (p=0.032), dyslipidemia (p=0.000), hypertension (p=0.001), and physical activity (p=0.045). Meanwhile, blood sugar control showed no significant association (p=0.114). The R-square value of 0.500 indicates that half of the variation in complication incidence can be explained by the studied variables.

Conclusion: Duration of diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and physical activity are associated with the occurrence of macrovascular complications in elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Efforts to prevent and control these risk factors need to be increased to reduce the burden of complications in the elderly population in coastal areas.

Evaluation of Clinical Pharmacist Led Guidance on Treatment Outcomes, Treatment Adherence & Quality of Life Among T2DM Patients Attending Endocrinology Out Patient Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital

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Clinical pharmacist‐led guidance was evaluated in a 6‑month prospective observational study of 90 T2DM patients at a tertiary care hospital. Participants were distributed into test (Group A; n = 45) and control (Group B; n = 45) groups. Group A received structured clinical pharmacist counselling on medication regimens, adherence, lifestyle modifications, and ADR monitoring, whereas Group B received standard care. Outcomes measured at baseline and 2 months included glycaemic profiles, lipid profile, medication adherence (MARS‑10), and quality of life (WHOQOL‑BREF). Group A exhibited significant improvements in FBS, PPBS, medication adherence, and quality of life physical and psychological domains. HbA1c and lipid profile showed favourable but non‑significant trends. No major ADRs were reported. These findings support integration of pharmacist‑led guidance and care in chronic disease management.

Meta Analysis Study: Nutritional Factors in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with Obesity

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Improvement prevalence obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) become challenge significant global health, especially affected by changes style life like pattern Eat No health and lack of activity Physical. This study aims to analyze the influence of nutritional factors on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with obesity through a meta-analysis approach. The method used was a systematic review of articles published in 2019–2024 obtained from the PubMed, DOAJ, PLoS One, and Google Scholar databases, with a focus on dietary factors and physical activity.

The analysis of 21 observational articles with cohort and case-control study designs eligible for meta-analysis showed that unhealthy diets and low physical activity significantly contribute to the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. This meta-analysis emphasizes the importance of nutritional factors as modifiable determinants in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in obesity. These findings provide a strong scientific basis for the development of nutrition- and lifestyle-based public health policies and interventions.

Sexual Dysfunction among Women Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital

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Diabetes mellitus is known to have multisystemic affectation including sexual dysfunction. The effect of diabetes on female sexual function is well documented globally but underreported in our study environment. Hence, this study attempted to fill this gap in knowledge by evaluating the sexual function of women living with diabetes in Uyo, Southern Nigeria. Methods: This was a crossectional descriptive study conducted in the Endocrinology Clinic of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital. A total of 150 participants consisting of 100 diabetes patients and 50 controls were interviewed using the female sexual function Index questionnaire. They were physically examined and blood samples taken for laboratory investigations. Data obtained was analysed using descriptive/comparative statistics. Results: Among the diabetics, 62% had sexual dysfunction compared to 8% of the controls(p<0.001).The diabetics had a median total sexual function score of 9.25(2.15-26.6), compared to 28.15(27.1-29) for the controls ( p < 0.001). The diabetics with normal sexual function had a mean HBA1c of 7.08+/-0.27 compared to 8.37+/-0.73 for diabetics with abnormal sexual function( t=9.65,def=98,p<0.001). The total sexual function score of diabetics was negatively related to glycated haemoglobin (rho=-0.88,p<0.001). ). Diabetics with DM duration of 10 years and more were 2.87 times significantly more likely to have poor sexual function(p=0.02; 95%CI 1.20-6.83 ). Glycated haemoglobin was shown to be a strong predictor of female sexual function(OR= 228.15, p<0.001). Conclusion:There is a high prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among diabetics. Prolonged duration of diabetes and poor glycaemic control are the most likely reasons for this finding.