Articles

Effect of Black Garlic Extract on Aspirin-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

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Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, are widely used but are associated with gastric mucosal injury through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and oxidative stress mechanisms. Black garlic, a processed form of Allium sativum, has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may provide gastroprotective effects. Objective: To evaluate the effect of black garlic extract on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This experimental laboratory study used a posttest-only control group design. Male Wistar rats were allocated into a negative control group, a positive control group receiving aspirin, and three treatment groups administered black garlic extract at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Aspirin was administered orally at 104 mg/kg body weight for seven days to induce gastric mucosal injury, followed by seven days of black garlic extract administration in the treatment groups. Gastric tissues were collected for histopathological examination, and epithelial injury was assessed using the Barthel Manja scoring system. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests.

Results: Histopathological evaluation demonstrated gastric mucosal epithelial injury in the positive control group, predominantly in the form of desquamation and erosion. Administration of black garlic extract was associated with reduced severity of mucosal injury, with progressive improvement observed at higher doses. The group receiving 200 mg/kg body weight showed no detectable gastric mucosal lesions. A significant difference in gastric mucosal injury was observed among groups (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Black garlic extract exhibited a protective effect against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury in Wistar rats, with the highest dose demonstrating the most favorable histopathological outcome.

The Relationship Between Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Consumption and the Incidence of Gastritis among Outpatients at the Internal Medicine Clinic of RSUD Prof. Dr. W.Z. Johannes Kupang

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Background: Gastritis is an inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa with high prevalence worldwide, especially in developing regions. At RSUD Prof. Dr. W. Z. Johannes Kupang, reported cases increased from 99 in 2021 to 257 in 2023. This research focuses on identifying the association between the type, frequency, and duration of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) use and gastritis among outpatients.

Methods: An analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design was applied involving 56 patients selected through purposive sampling at the Internal Medicine Clinic. Data were obtained from questionnaire-based interviews and medical record reviews. Bivariate testing was conducted using the contingency coefficient correlation method in SPSS.

Results: Thirteen of the 56 participants (23%) were confirmed with gastritis. NSAID use was reported in 84% of respondents, mainly non-selective preparations. Most consumed NSAIDs only when symptoms appeared and for less than five days. Statistical analysis indicated no significant association for frequency (p=0.052) or duration of intake (p=0.052), and a weak significance for NSAID class (p=0.047).

Conclusion: NSAID usage patterns showed no meaningful relationship with gastritis incidence among outpatients at RSUD Prof. Dr. W. Z. Johannes Kupang, which may relate to the low intensity and short duration of use.