Articles

Biological Characteristics, Innovative Isolation Methods, and Clinical Role of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: Review

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Exosomes are a subset of nano-sized (30–150 nm) extracellular vehicles (EVs) released by cells through the endosomal route, you know like they get made inside and then pushed out.

Objective: The primary objective of this scientific review is to give a broad and current appraisal of the intricate biological layout of exosomes, plus modern isolation technologies (for instance microfluidics and spectroscopy), and finally their clinical meaning for cancer detection and treatment.

Methods: This article is arranged following systematic review logic based on credible scientific sources from the last decade 2015–2025. Data collection involved international databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis looks at how exosome biogenesis connects with drug delivery systems (DDS), and how that whole interplay affects the tumor microenvironment, using both qualitative and quantitative comparative approaches. The guidelines from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) were used as a kind of standard for study rigor.

Key Findings: A growing body of research suggests that exosomes work as important intercellular message carriers, meaning they are deeply involved in cancer metastasis. Their nano-sized form, the potential to move across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and their inherent biocompatibility make them a stronger, more natural alternative in comparison with synthetic nanoparticles. Innovative methods such as microfluidics have cut the isolation time a lot, and pairing exosomes with the CRISPR-Cas system has basically opened new directions for gene therapy. In the end, the review also tackles difficulties in standardization and large-scale production, while stressing that exosome engineering is likely the upcoming step change for precision cancer therapy.

Algae’s Promise to Sequester Carbon Sheds New Insight on Changing Climate

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The addition of more greenhouse gases (GHG) to the earth’s atmosphere, which accounts for more than half of the planet’s warming potential, has resulted in changes in long-term average weather conditions, or climate change. In order to counter the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, carbon sequestration is a newly developed strategy. Contrary to carbon emission reduction measures, carbon sequestration has a strong potential to lower carbon dioxide levels or mask carbon dioxide emission if the gas is trapped from several stationary sources and used effectively to produce chemical and energy. The implementation of carbon regulations has spread widely.

The cost of air pollution is credited with a monetary value. Due to this, investments in the growth of microalgae for carbon sequestration have received attention from all around the world. With these systems, existing carbon mitigation strategies are shown to be a viable and promising alternative. In general, the microorganism groups that make up microalgae are extremely diverse and quick-growing, and they are very skilled in photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic settings. With a unit carbon dioxide fixation capacity 10–50 times greater than terrestrial plants, these microalgae can be grown on non-fertile land. Describe in detail the most recent advancement in the effective use of microalgae for carbon dioxide in this article review.