Experimental Study of Cyclotron-Related Electromagnetic Waves and Their Interaction with Electronic Circuits

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Electromagnetic fields generated by systems involving charged-particle motion are important in accelerator physics, microwave engineering, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). A cyclotron accelerates charged particles by the coordinated action of a magnetic field and a radio-frequency (RF) electric field, while accelerated charges and time-varying fields provide a general physical basis for electromagnetic radiation (Lawrence & Livingston, 1932; Wiedemann, 2015). The present study investigates, experimentally, how microwave electromagnetic fields interact with electronic circuits and uses a magnetron-based laboratory source as an accessible experimental model for phenomena related to charged-particle electromagnetics. The apparatus consisted of a high-voltage power-supply/transformer unit, high-voltage capacitor, microwave magnetron, electrical connecting leads, and a metallic enclosure lined internally with aluminium. The electromagnetic response of a mobile phone, digital camera, calculator, radio, and lamp was observed. At an initial source-to-device separation of approximately 30 cm, temporary functional disturbances were observed, and the disturbances generally became more pronounced when the devices were moved closer to the source. Inside the aluminium-lined enclosure, the response was spatially non-uniform: some positions produced stronger disturbances than others. This behaviour is physically consistent with reflection from the conducting enclosure and interference between incident and reflected microwave fields, producing spatial maxima and minima. The mobile phone showed screen instability and temporary touch-response disturbance at some positions, while the radio, calculator, digital camera, and lamp also exhibited abnormal responses. The study interprets these observations through electromagnetic coupling, induced voltage/current, frequency-dependent susceptibility, and spatial field redistribution. Because calibrated measurements of field strength, power density, and exact operating frequency were not performed, the results are reported as qualitative evidence of electromagnetic susceptibility rather than as calibrated failure thresholds. The work provides an experimentally accessible bridge between accelerator-physics concepts, microwave generation, and EMC and offers a basis for future quantitative measurements.

Effects of Varied Nitrogen Fertilization Rates on Yield and Growth parameters of Hybrid Maize under agro-climatic conditions of Nangarhar, Afghanistan

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Nitrogen is one of the most essential nutrients influencing the growth, development, and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen fertilization rates on the growth and yield performance of hybrid maize under the agro-climatic conditions of Nangarhar, Afghanistan. The experimental treatments consisted of four nitrogen fertilization rates; 0, 130, 160 kg and 190 kg N ha⁻¹, Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in form of Urea (46%N) in three split application ¼ dose at sowing, ½ at knee high stage and ¼ at tasseling stage. The experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the application of 190 kg N ha⁻¹, produced significantly higher values than the other treatments for plant height (244 cm), stem diameter (3.58 cm), number of leaves per plant (15.83), cob length (22 cm), number of grain per cob (455), grain weight per cob (133.17 g), 1000-grain weight (300 g), biological yield (808 g), fresh cob yield (8.33 kg), fresh net grain yield per cob (153.17 g). The lowest values were recorded under the control treatment (0 kg N ha⁻¹) across all plant growth and yield parameters.
Therefore, this article recommends 190 kg N ha⁻¹ for farmers in the region and in similar climatic regions to achieve good maize growth and high yields.

Beyond Digitalization: Understanding Taxpayer Adaptation, Compliance Costs, and Voluntary Compliance in Indonesia’s Coretax Reform

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Indonesia’s implementation of the Core Tax Administration System (Coretax) represents a major shift toward integrated digital tax administration. This study examines how taxpayers and tax professionals adapt to Coretax, how the transition reshapes compliance costs, and how these experiences relate to voluntary tax compliance. A qualitative case study approach was employed involving 100 participants from Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, and Malang, including corporate taxpayers, tax and accounting staff, tax consultants, tax practitioners, academics, and tax administration officials. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The findings reveal that Coretax implementation is experienced not merely as technological change, but as an administrative transformation requiring procedural relearning, internal workflow adjustment, cross-functional coordination, and the development of new administrative capabilities. Six dimensions of compliance costs emerged: learning, time, monetary, organizational, technological, and psychological costs. These burdens were most pronounced during the early transition period, although some declined as users developed familiarity and administrative routines. The findings further show that digitalization alone does not automatically strengthen voluntary compliance. Participants associated willingness to comply more closely with procedural clarity, system reliability, accessible support, and trust in tax administration. The study contributes to digital tax administration literature by integrating taxpayer adaptation, administrative burden, compliance costs, and voluntary compliance within a single qualitative framework. Practically, it highlights the importance of user-centered implementation strategies that reduce transition burdens while strengthening taxpayers’ confidence in digital tax administration.

Secondary Aluminum Dross and Salt Slag Treatment: A Critical Review of Integrated Value Recovery, Risk Control, And Industrial Readiness

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Secondary aluminum dross and salt slag are heterogeneous secondary resources whose entrained metal, alumina-bearing phases, aluminum nitride (AlN), chlorides, fluorides, and fine particles create coupled recovery and safety constraints. This structured critical narrative review maps 106 publications from 2020 to 2026 and evaluates physical, thermal, aqueous, and product-oriented routes without claiming systematic review or PRISMA compliance. Conservative evidence coding identified one industrial campaign (Class A), one pilot study (Class B), no continuous integrated Class C study, 86 laboratory studies on real dross (Class D), five modeling or proof-of-concept studies (Class E), and 13 supporting reviews or contextual sources. Selected studies reported metallic aluminum recovery above 92% and up to approximately 98%, chloride removal above 92%, and AlN conversion of 92.45–99.03%; these results are not directly comparable because of differences in feed assays, particle size, residence time, and system boundaries. A metal-first sequence is therefore conditionally preferred when the net value of recovered metal justifies the operation and when removal reduces the hydrogen inventory of the wet circuit. Stoichiometrically, 1 kg AlN can generate 0.415 kg NH₃ (0.597 m³ at 25 °C and 1 atm), while 1 kg metallic Al can generate 0.112 kg H₂ (1.360 m³) under complete reaction. Washing, controlled hydrolysis, salt crystallization, gas capture, and mineral conversion must consequently be designed as one integrated system. Laboratory production of alumina, spinel, refractories, adsorbents, or cementitious materials demonstrates conversion, not circularity, unless product specifications, durability, leaching stability, multi-cycle recycle, controlled purges, and harmonized life-cycle and techno-economic boundaries are verified. The review provides route-specific readiness ratings, quantitative design bases, and objective go/no-go gates for industrial development.

Biological Characteristics, Innovative Isolation Methods, and Clinical Role of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: Review

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Exosomes are a subset of nano-sized (30–150 nm) extracellular vehicles (EVs) released by cells through the endosomal route, you know like they get made inside and then pushed out.

Objective: The primary objective of this scientific review is to give a broad and current appraisal of the intricate biological layout of exosomes, plus modern isolation technologies (for instance microfluidics and spectroscopy), and finally their clinical meaning for cancer detection and treatment.

Methods: This article is arranged following systematic review logic based on credible scientific sources from the last decade 2015–2025. Data collection involved international databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis looks at how exosome biogenesis connects with drug delivery systems (DDS), and how that whole interplay affects the tumor microenvironment, using both qualitative and quantitative comparative approaches. The guidelines from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) were used as a kind of standard for study rigor.

Key Findings: A growing body of research suggests that exosomes work as important intercellular message carriers, meaning they are deeply involved in cancer metastasis. Their nano-sized form, the potential to move across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and their inherent biocompatibility make them a stronger, more natural alternative in comparison with synthetic nanoparticles. Innovative methods such as microfluidics have cut the isolation time a lot, and pairing exosomes with the CRISPR-Cas system has basically opened new directions for gene therapy. In the end, the review also tackles difficulties in standardization and large-scale production, while stressing that exosome engineering is likely the upcoming step change for precision cancer therapy.

Development Strategy for Community-Based Coastal Ecotourism in Wondiboy, Teluk Wondama Regency, Indonesia

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The Wondiboy coastal area in Teluk Wondama Regency, West Papua, contains bay landscapes, mangroves, sago forests, marine activities, cultural and religious assets, and coastal livelihoods that provide a strong basis for ecotourism. However, these assets have not been matched by balanced destination readiness, institutional capacity, basic services, and spatial control. This study analyzes tourism potential and destination readiness, identifies major development constraints, and formulates a community-based coastal ecotourism strategy within a sustainable regional development framework. A convergent mixed-methods design was used, combining questionnaires from 75 visitors and 94 local residents with in-depth interviews, field observations, expert assessments, and reviews of spatial and tourism planning documents. Internal conditions were diagnosed using the 6A destination framework, while IFAS-EFAS and SWOT were used to formulate strategies that were subsequently screened through Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Community-Based Tourism, carrying capacity, coastal resilience, and policy consistency. Visitor scores showed high attraction (4.17), moderate accessibility (2.93), accommodation (3.22), amenities (2.69), and activities (3.08), but very low ancillary services (1.51), producing an overall mean of 2.93. The SWOT coordinates (+0.55; +1.03) place Wondiboy in Quadrant I, yet the narrow internal advantage indicates that Weakness-Opportunity measures should precede expansion. The recommended sequence is institutional and human-resource strengthening, basic and safety infrastructure, controlled ecotourism product development and zoning, followed by gradual market connectivity and green investment. The study shows that growth-oriented positioning does not imply immediate promotion; destination readiness must first reach a minimum operational threshold.

Beyond “Slave Mentality”: A Conceptual Review of Internalized Subordination and the Reproduction of Power

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“Slave mentality” is often used to describe blind obedience, dependence, and a lack of independent thought, but the phrase is too broad to serve as a clear academic concept. This paper begins with an original observation: dependence does not disappear when food and physical safety become easier to obtain. It often moves into work, status, belonging, recognition, and access to opportunity. A focused conceptual review of 17 foundational and recent sources was used to connect research on obedience, social influence, system justification, compensatory control, learned helplessness, social dominance, employee silence, psychological safety, and power. The analysis separates practical submission from internalized subordination and explains how repeated adjustment to authority may weaken trust in personal judgement. It also examines why some formerly subordinate individuals reproduce control after gaining limited authority. The paper proposes an Internalized Subordination-Compensatory Domination Cycle. The model does not claim that everyone has a fixed amount of “slave mentality,” or that powerless people will later misuse power. It describes a conditional process shaped by dependence, low control, status insecurity, institutional rules, and reflection. Reflective autonomy and real accountability may interrupt the cycle.

From Transparency to Accountability: A Review of Measurement Approaches in Vietnamese Higher Education

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Accountability has become a central condition of university autonomy, yet it is often measured through its most visible component: publicly available information. This critical narrative review examines how accountability has been conceptualised and measured in higher education and considers the implications for Vietnam during the transition from Circular 36/2017/TT-BGDDT to Circular 09/2024/TT-BGDDT. The review synthesises scholarship on higher education governance, public accountability, quality assurance, performance measurement, and transparency assessment, together with Vietnamese legal and empirical literature. It distinguishes transparency from the wider accountability relationship, compares five measurement families, and identifies recurring validity problems involving proxy indicators, attribution, composite scores, and compliance-oriented behaviour. The Vietnamese policy transition sharpens disclosure requirements by introducing a mandatory annual report, a specific publication deadline, an update rule, a five-year retention period, and an explicit clarity criterion. However, stronger disclosure rules do not by themselves demonstrate answerability, stakeholder dialogue, correction, or organisational learning. To address this gap, the article proposes a three-layer measurement direction: information existence, timeliness, and substantive information quality. The framework supports reproducible web-based assessment while preserving a clear inferential boundary between disclosure compliance and accountability as a broader governance process. The review concludes that Vietnam needs longitudinal, evidence-based measurement that combines document audits with process and stakeholder evidence if regulatory transparency is to develop into meaningful public accountability.

Effects of Different Rates of Potassium Application on Growth and Yield of Soybean

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Soybean is an important legume crop valued for its high protein and oil content, but its productivity is often limited by poor soil fertility and environmental stresses. This study aimed to determine the optimum potassium application rate for improving soybean growth and yield under the agroecological conditions of Kabul, Afghanistan. A field experiment was conducted during the 2025 growing season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University, using a randomized complete block design with five potassium levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha⁻¹) and three replications. Standard agronomic practices were applied uniformly throughout the experiment. Data were collected on plant height, branches per plant, pods per plant, total seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, and grain yield, and analysed using STAR software with the least significant difference test at the 5% probability level. Potassium application had no significant effect on vegetative growth traits, including plant height and number of branches per plant. However, it significantly improved yield components and grain yield. The application of 75 kg K ha⁻¹ produced the highest number of pods per plant, greatest 100-seed weight, and maximum grain yield, whereas increasing the rate to 100 kg K ha⁻¹ resulted in reduced yield. The findings indicate that potassium application enhances soybean productivity primarily through improved yield components rather than vegetative growth. It is concluded that 75 kg K ha⁻¹ is the optimum potassium rate for maximizing soybean yield under the agroecological conditions of Kabul, Afghanistan.

Psychometric Evaluation of an Applied Mathematics Examination Instrument Based on The Rasch Model

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Administering the same examination to students from different programs can result in uneven measurement of competence and potentially flawed academic decisions. In many vocational settings, psychometric reviews of examination instruments are uncommon, increasing the risk of inaccurate evaluation. This study investigates the Applied Mathematics Final Semester Examination (FSE) instruments in the Mechanical Engineering Department, Bali State Polytechnic, through the Rasch model. The data came from 206 students who answered 40 multiple-choice questions. The test was delivered online via the institutional e-learning system but taken in the classroom. Winsteps 5.9 was used to assess construct validity, reliability, separation indices, item difficulty in relation to ability, and Differential Item Functioning (DIF) across programs. Demonstrates that the instrument meets all psychometric standards. Nine components that didn’t fit nonetheless showed the planned construct. The separation indices were 3.46 and 6.18, and the person and item reliability were both over 0.90. The major dimension explained more than 63% of the variation, which indicated that it was one-dimensional. Usually, the difficulty levels were right for the students, but not at the extremes. Eight things suggested that there might be bias. The result is a one-of-a-kind Rasch evaluation of a vocational mathematics FSE that combines reliability, unidimensionality, and DIF analysis.  It can be used as a model for other situations and to make vocational math tests fair, valid, and reliable.