Design and Implementation of an Arduino Based Undervoltage Relay

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All human activity is highly dependent on the stable availability of electrical energy. Electrical distribution disruptions, such as  over/under voltage spikes or drops, can disrupt daily activities. To anticipate this,  an Arduino-based over/under voltage control  system was designed that utilizes the PZEM-004T sensor to monitor AC voltage in real-time from a power source or variable transformer. The system uses an on-off  control method on the relay with three operating conditions: under voltage (voltage <142.5V), normal voltage (142.5V–157.5V), and overvoltage (voltage >157.5V). SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply) is integrated as a stable power supply for Arduino Uno microcontrollers and other electronic components, ensuring that system performance remains optimal despite input voltage fluctuations. The sensor reading results and voltage condition status can be displayed locally via a simple interface such as an LCD or LED indicator, without relying on internet communication. By combining the reliability of Arduino Uno and SMPS efficiency, the system is able to protect electrical devices from damage due to voltage instability while ensuring energy-efficient operation.

Design and build an Arduino-Based Inverse Time and Constant Time Overcurrent Protection Relay

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This study discusses the design and implementation of a overcurrent protection system using two types of relays, namely Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays and Constant Time Overcurrent Relays based on Arduino Uno microcontrollers. The system is designed to detect and respond to overcurrent disturbances that occur at resistor loads using current sensors, relay modules, and LCD displays. In an inverse time system, the disconnection time depends on the magnitude of the interference current, where the larger the current, the faster the relay works. On the other hand, in a constant time system, the relay will cut off the current at a predetermined time, regardless of the size of the current. The Arduino Uno acts as a controller brain that processes data from the current sensor and determines the disconnection logic. The test was carried out to evaluate the relay working time characteristics of the interference current variation as well as the effect of the multiplier factor value on the disconnection speed. In addition, the system is also equipped with a PZEM-004T CT module for real-time monitoring of electrical parameters and a 16 2 LCD display as a user interface. The test results show that the system is able to work effectively according to the characteristics of each type of relay. This prototype offers a practical and economical solution in the simulation of electrical protection systems, particularly in microcontroller-based learning and development environments.​

Quantifying the Burden of Selected Severe Acute Respiratory Illnesses (SARI) in Sri Lankan Hospitals: A 2025 eIMMR ICD-10 Data Study

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Background and aim: Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is a syndromic concept widely used for respiratory disease surveillance and burden estimation. In settings where routine clinical case definition fields are not consistently recorded, ICD-10 discharge diagnoses can be used as a pragmatic proxy to quantify inpatient burden and severe outcomes. The aim is to describe the 2025 inpatient burden, outcomes, sex distribution, and seasonal patterns of selected respiratory diseases commonly used to represent SARI in Sri Lanka.

Method: The eIMMR (electronic Indoor Morbidity and Mortality Register) data extracted from January–December 2025, containing monthly aggregated inpatient admissions by discharge outcome and sex for four ICD-10 groupings aligned to SARI: influenza (J09–J11), pneumonia (J12–J18), other acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI; J20–J22), and ARDS (J80). A hierarchical SARI grouping was defined for analysis and reporting. The annual admissions and deaths, case fatality proportion (CFP; deaths/admissions), transfers, leave against medical advice (LAMA), sex distribution, and peak months were summerized.

Results: In 2025, the selected SARI-coded respiratory diagnoses accounted for 232,679 admissions and 6,432 in-hospital deaths (overall CFP 2.8%); 49.2% of admissions were female. Other ALRI (J20–J22) contributed 83.9% of admissions (195,237) but 12.6% of deaths (812; CFP 0.4%). Pneumonia (J12–J18) accounted for 14.0% of admissions (32,543) yet 86.6% of deaths (5,573; CFP 17.1%). Influenza (J09–J11) comprised 4,700 admissions (CFP 0.3%). ARDS (J80) was uncommon (199 admissions) but had high CFP (16.6%). Admissions peaked in April–May (seasonal maximum May: 29,908) and showed a secondary rise in October–November.

Conclusion: In 2025, SARI-proxy inpatient burden in Sri Lanka was dominated by ALRI volume, while mortality was overwhelmingly concentrated among pneumonia-coded admissions. Strengthening pneumonia prevention, early severity recognition, oxygen/critical care readiness, and improving etiologic diagnosis and coding completeness are key priorities for reducing SARI-associated mortality and improving surveillance precision.

Science & Futurist Science & Art: Does the Process of the Discovery of the DNA Contradict Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions?

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Thomas Kuhn, in his influential and classic work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, claims that revolutionary change in science is change in the “paradigm” of a particular scientific field, that is, change in the larger conceptual framework and even underlying philosophical framework that guides a scientific field. In Kuhn’s view, paradigms are essential: Paradigms constitute and determine scientific change; further, major innovators in science do not merely contribute new theories and discoveries but new paradigms which constitute and determine the nature of particular theories, ideas, the design of experiments, and also the use of scientific instruments in any particular scientific field. I seek to investigate whether Watson and Crick’s discovery of the DNA as the genetic material challenges Kuhn’s model of discovery and revolutionary change in science. I seek to show that Watson and Crick employed Gregor Mendel’s conception of the particulate nature of genetic information (instead of Aristotle’s early conception of blending inheritance); Watson and Crick stated that they employed Erwin Schrodinger’s speculative conception from his book What is Life?, that the genetic material would likely be a complex aperiodic crystal; Watson and Crick employed Linus Pauling’s framework of modeling complex molecules using indirect evidence (such as by X-ray crystallography by other researchers); unlike Pauling and other chemists and biochemists that still thought the genetic material would be a protein, Watson and Crick recognized that the genetic material could be the DNA, and that the structure and function of DNA could provide information for the building blocks of cells and cellular differentiation. Thus, Watson and Crick’s scientific revolution employed multiple frameworks from related branches and sub-branches of science. Kuhn suggests that paradigm changes in physics and other branches of science are analogous to singular framework changes in the nature of perspective in the history of art and architecture. By contrast, Watson and Crick’s scientific revolution involves multiple frameworks, and is thus more comparable to futurism and futuristic art. (The Futuristic art of Boccioni, Picasso, and Malevich is said to involve multiple perspectives and frameworks).

Zebrafish Strains – A Brief Account of the Experimental Model

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Zebrafish, though tiny in size has proven it as an important scientific tool to conduct research and understand the various biological phenomena and system. Several zebrafish strains are available which are contributing differently in deepening our understanding. A number of wild type strains are present which have originated in the various parts of the world with its own history of origin. the most common wild type strains of zebrafish are: AB, WIK and TU. All these wild type strains share same morphological features, but with genetic differences. Gradually, under laboratory conditions different mutant versions with specific morphological and biological features developed and continued as experimental model in different laboratories of the world and gained importance in experimental usages. Among them TL, Absolute, Golden, Nacre etc. are the mutant strains widely used in different biological experiments and studies. Present review will discuss on the origin, morphological, genetic and other specialists of these strains to account a comprehensive idea about the animal model and its usages.

The Association between Sleep Quality and Primary Dysmenorrhea Among Female Engineering Students at Nusa Cendana University: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition among young women and may significantly impair daily activities and academic performance. Sleep quality has been suggested as an important modifiable risk factor, as poor sleep may increase inflammatory mediators and prostaglandin production involved in menstrual pain. However, findings regarding the relationship between sleep quality and primary dysmenorrhea remain inconsistent across populations.

Objective: To determine the association between sleep quality and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea among female engineering students at Nusa Cendana University.

Methods: This analytical observational study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 60 female students who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited using purposive sampling. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while the severity of dysmenorrhea was evaluated using the WaLIDD score. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses. The Mann–Whitney test was applied to determine the association between sleep quality and primary dysmenorrhea.

Results: The majority of respondents (.7%) had poor sleep quality. Primary dysmenorrhea was reported by 86.7% of participants, with moderate severity being the most common (45%), followed by mild (33.3%) and severe dysmenorrhea (8.3%). Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between sleep quality and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Poor sleep quality is significantly associated with the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea among female engineering students at Nusa Cendana University. Improving sleep quality may represent a potential non-pharmacological approach to reducing menstrual pain in this population.

The Role of Product Innovation on Purchasing Decisions with Iconic Ethnical Products as a Mediating Variable among Pamekasan Batik Artisans

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This study aims to examine the role of product innovation in influencing purchasing decisions with iconic ethnical product as a mediating variable among consumers of Pamekasan batik. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to Pamekasan batik consumers. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test both direct and indirect relationships among variables. The results indicate that product innovation has a significant positive effect on iconic ethnical product, but does not directly influence purchasing decisions. In contrast, iconic ethnical product has a significant positive effect on purchasing decisions and plays a mediating role in the relationship between product innovation and purchasing decisions. These findings suggest that product innovation contributes to purchasing decisions only when it strengthens the iconic and ethnical characteristics of the product, such as cultural symbolism, distinctive motifs, and local identity. The study highlights that consumers of Pamekasan batik place greater emphasis on symbolic value and cultural meaning rather than product novelty alone. The results support Consumer Culture Theory, emphasizing that purchasing decisions for cultural products are shaped by culturally constructed meanings. Practically, this study implies that Pamekasan batik artisans should orient product innovation strategies toward reinforcing iconic ethnical values to enhance consumer purchasing decisions.

The Effect of Good Corporate Governance on Indications of Financial Statement Fraud in State-Owned Enterprises Listed on The Indonesian Stock Exchange for The 2020-2024 Period

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The purpose of this study was to analyze how Good Corporate Governance mechanisms, as represented by the the board of commissioners, audit committee, institutional ownership, and whistleblowing system, affect indications of financial statement fraud in state-owned enterprises listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020-2024 period. This research was conducted on state-owned enterprises listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Data were obtained through the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange at www.idx.com. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, resulting in a sample of 17 state-owned enterprises listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020-2024 period. The analysis was carried out using panel data multiple linear regression with the assistance of  EViews statistical software. The results of this study indicate that the audit committee variable has an effect on indications of financial statement fraud. Meanwhile, the board of commissioners, institutional ownership, and whistleblowing system variables do not have a significant effect on indications of financial statement fraud.

Anaesthesia-Related Child Mortality in a Niger Delta Tertiary Hospital: 5-Year Impact of Paediatric Anaesthesia Training

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Background: A rising under-five perioperative death occurring especially in sub-Saharan Africa, despite global decline in child mortality over the last decade, necessitates a review of the contribution from anaesthesia-related causes.

Objective: To analyze the 5-year impact of Paediatric Anaesthesia Fellowship on anaesthesia-related child deaths in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH).

Method: A five-year survey of all anaesthetic interventions and outcomes in children aged 0 to 5 years, in UPTH, was undertaken. Data including general or loco-regional anaesthesia for elective/emergency surgeries, sedation-analgesia for diagnostic radiology, the indications, perioperative critical events/child deaths up to 24 hours following anaesthesia, and their causes, were obtained from the registers and records of the relevant units in the UPTH, after ethical approval.

Results: Totally, 1596 anaesthetic interventions [987 (61.842%) electives; 609 (38.158%) emergencies] and outcomes were reviewed. General anaesthesia with endotracheal tube (GA + ETT) placement was the most frequent form of anaesthesia, administered to 1,075 (67.36%), and perioperative laryngospasm [49 (3.07%)] was the ranking critical event, followed by hypoxaemia, delayed recovery and difficult tracheal intubation respectively as the second, third and fourth, with the corresponding values of 34 (2.13%), 33 (2.07%) and 25 (1.57%); anaesthesia-related mortality was 1 (0.06%), occurring postoperatively from respiratory failure, following GA + ETT placement for elective abdominoplasty in a child with Prune-belly Syndrome.

Conclusion: Within the five-year period in this survey, anaesthesia-related child mortality was 1 (0.06%), occurring postoperatively from respiratory failure.

Effectiveness of Structured Communication Tools for Discussing Goals of Care in Cancer Care Settings: A Systematic Review

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Background and aim: Structured communication tools have been increasingly adopted in cancer care to support discussions on goals of care (GOC), symptom management, and psychosocial needs. However, evidence regarding their effectiveness across outcomes remains fragmented. The study aims to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of structured communication tools used in cancer care settings for discussing goals of care, with a focus on patient, caregiver, and system-level outcomes.

Method: A comprehensive search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Clinical Key, and Cochrane Library from January 2000 to July 2025. Eligible studies included quasi-experimental trials, Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster randomized trials, and cohort studies evaluating structured communication interventions. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed the Risk of bias using the ROB-I, ROB-I (Cluster), ROBINS-I V2, and ROBINS-E tools. Outcomes of interest were broadly encompassed, including quality of life(QoL), psychological status, patient satisfaction, decisional conflict, hospice utilization, and advance care planning. Due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was performed.

Results: From an initial pool of 310 articles, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. SCTs varied widely and included FLEX Care, end-of-life (EOL) care planning, communication training, Loop intervention, Serious Illness Care Program, PCAD pathway, GOC conversation, and an adapted end-of-life care module, etc. Studies reported improved QoL (n=10), psychological status (n=3), patient/staff/caregiver satisfaction (n=3), decisional conflict (n=2), hospice utilization, and advance care planning (n=7). Mean scores for psychological distress participants receiving FLEX Care®-enhanced psychosocial intervention experienced a significant reduction in psychological distress compared to participants in the control setting (p<0.001). EOL discussions were associated with lower rates of ventilation (AOR=0.26, 95%CI=0.08-0.83), resuscitation (AOR=0.16, 95%CI=0.03-0.80), ICU admission (AOR=0.35, 95%CI=0.14-0.90), and earlier hospice enrolment (AOR=1.58, 95% CI=1.04-2.63). while longer hospice stays were associated with better patient QoL (p=0.01)

Conclusion: SCTs appear effective in improving the goals-of-care discussions in cancer settings, with benefits in care alignment and patient satisfaction. Implementation strategies and clinician training remain critical components for success.