Perception and Comparison of Modern Management Theories

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Management has taken place in human actions since ancient times. Over time, scientists and researchers developed ways and approaches to get the best advantages of managing organizations and employees. Many theories appeared in this field to improve management techniques, such as classical, neoclassical, and modern theories. However, this paper aims to focus on and explore modern theories’ features (Quantitative, System, and Contingency theories). As well as studying the development of the theories and comparing them.

The study is a literature review and has a descriptive nature, and the researcher relied on secondary data, using Google Scholar as the main database, to provide a deep insight into the perception of management modern theories.

the results of comparing the theories indicated that the quantitative theory depends on mathematical procedures to analyze and make decisions, which means it is a numerically based approach. This theory applies logical or reasoning practices. The system approach depends on dividing the system into sub-parts, and all parts are related to and follow a super system. The system theory is a goal-oriented approach, so all sub-parts move toward one goal. The contingency theory depends on making decisions according to the situation. As it considers the internal environment of the organization as well as the external environment so the organization’s response is related to the changes in the environment.

the study concludes that none of the theories can be used alone. The theories have to be integrated to achieve the ultimate benefits for the organizations because using modern management theories separately could cause failure. Quantitative, System, and Contingency theories have some limitations if used separately, but together could achieve the organization’s goals and objectives perfectly.

The Art of Using Allusions in Du Fu’s and Nguyen Binh Khiem’s Poetry

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Besides influencing content, Du Fu’s poetry also greatly influenced Nguyen Binh Khiem’s ​​poetry in terms of artistic merit. This is evident in the art of using allusions in the poems of both authors. Comparing the art of using allusions in the works of the two authors reveals similarities in how they reflect social reality, particularly the contrast between the impoverished lives of the people and the luxurious lives of the official class, thereby expressing a profound sense of humanism and critical awareness. Furthermore, the use of allusions demonstrates erudition and conciseness in poetic language. While Du Fu leaned towards historical allusions to express his concern for the times, Nguyen Binh Khiem adopted and creatively adapted them to express a philosophy of leisurely living, affirming his own unique artistic style.

Azerbaijani Identity in the Literary Thought of the Republic

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The article examines the concept of Azerbaijaniism (Turkism, Islamism, Modernism) in the literature of the Republic period. It is demonstrated that the establishment of the state left a noticeable impact on artistic thought, leading to the rise of a national spirit. During this period, literary imagination encountered a new direction. As a result, the ideas of Azerbaijaniism that had emerged in the literary and socio-political thought of the early twentieth century paved the way for the establishment of the Republic. After the newly founded state was officially named “Azerbaijan,” the literary imagination increasingly celebrated the nation and its just cause. M. Hadi’s creative work during the Republic era represents a new stage, as the poet glorified the independence and sovereignty achieved by Azerbaijan. In A. Shaig’s works as well, Turkism, Turanism, national identity, and Azerbaijaniism acquired a renewed direction. In the literary output of poets such as Davud, Zulfugar Bey, and Ali Kami, the national symbols and attributes of the Azerbaijani state were praised. All these factors indicate that, during the Republic period, Azerbaijaniism became focused on the Republic itself, reflecting the determination of the people and the nation to protect their homeland, freedom, and independence.

Beyond Efficiency: A Systematic Review of Blockchain Research in Accounting Ethics, Behavior, and Sustainability

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This study offers a systematic review of the evolution of blockchain research within the accounting domain, emphasizing its relationships with ethics, behavioral influences, and sustainability. The review aims to elucidate the functioning of blockchain not merely as a technological advancement but also as a moral and institutional framework that fosters transparency and accountability in contemporary accounting practices. The research follows the guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and uses a systematic literature review method. We obtained sixty-seven peer-reviewed articles from the Scopus database and employed thematic and bibliometric methodologies for analysis. The analysis scrutinizes the geographical, methodological, and theoretical frameworks utilized in previous studies, in conjunction with publication trends.

The findings demonstrate that the Theory of Planned Behavior, Institutional Theory, and Agency Theory constitute the three predominant frameworks in the literature. Recent studies indicate that these theories are becoming increasingly linked to explain how ethical judgment and institutional legitimacy affect the use of new technologies. Developed countries still dominate research, but developing areas are increasingly participating. Quantitative methods still rule, but the rise of mixed methods and design science approaches shows a big shift in how research is done. The review finds that blockchain could help create a new techno-ethical sustainability paradigm in accounting. It is advised that future research enhance cross-national studies, formulate comprehensive theoretical frameworks, and investigate the implications for policy and education to foster ethical, transparent, and sustainable accounting practices.

Analysis of Farmer Capacity in the Freshwater Fish Farming Subsystem in Palas Subdistrict, South Lampung Regency

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Indonesia has great potential in the freshwater aquaculture sector, particularly in South Lampung Regency, which contributes significantly to the supply of freshwater fish. However, the inability of farmers to meet consumer and market demand has led to stagnation in the development of freshwater fish farming businesses. Based on these issues, the researchers hypothesized that there were constraints on the capacity of farmers in the freshwater fish farming process. This study aimed to determine the level of capacity of farmers in the freshwater fish farming subsystem in Palas Subdistrict, South Lampung Regency. The study was conducted in March–April 2025 with 94 respondents. The method used was descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. The results showed that the capacity of farmers in the aquaculture subsystem was good in the stages of seedling distribution and harvest handling, but improvements were needed in the stages of seedling and pond water selection, pond preparation, feeding, water quality and fish health management, waste management, market analysis, and product promotion so that production could be optimal and sustainable.

Digital Governance and E-Government Transformation in Public Service Delivery in Nigeria

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The integration of digital governance and e-government transformation has become a cornerstone of public administration reform globally, particularly in improving efficiency, transparency, and accountability in public service delivery. This study examines the impact of digital governance initiatives in Nigeria, focusing on their role in enhancing efficiency, promoting accountability, and identifying key challenges that hinder their effectiveness. The study adopted the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework as its theoretical foundation. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 300 respondents drawn from three key federal ministries and citizens interacting with e-government platforms. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression, while qualitative insights were obtained through key informant interviews. The findings reveal that digital governance initiatives have significantly improved efficiency and transparency, particularly through platforms such as the Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS). However, the results also show that systemic barriers including weak ICT infrastructure, low digital literacy, and entrenched corruption continue to undermine full-scale transformation. The study concludes that while Nigeria has made notable progress, sustainable digital governance requires stronger infrastructure investment, enhanced digital literacy, policy consistency, and deeper citizen inclusiveness.

Influence of Social Media Advertising and Influencer Marketing on Gen Z Fashion E-Commerce Purchasing Decisions in West Coast Region The Gambia: Impulsive Buying as Mediator

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This research examines the impact of social media advertising and influencer marketing on Gen Z fashion e-commerce purchasing behavior in the West Coast Region, The Gambia with impulsive buying as a mediating variable. A quantitative causal-comparative research design was used with data obtained through questionnaires from 130 Gen Z participants. Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was the method of analysis applied in SmartPLS 4. This study is built on the S-O-R (Stimulus–Organism–Response) model, which describes an external marketing stimulus that leads to an internal psychological response and an effect on consumer behavior. The results show that both social media advertising and influencer marketing strongly impact Gen Z consumers’ purchase intention. Besides, impulsive buying behavior mediates these relationships, implying that exposure to digital marketing content can lead to impulsive purchases. These findings emphasize the role of engaging social media content and influencer partnerships to guide fashion e-commerce consumer decisions. This study provides key implications for marketers and companies in designing a focused digital strategy to successfully reach Gen Z consumers in The Gambia and similar emerging markets.

Gender Differences in Career Choices and Aspirations among Girls and Boys: A Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Mongu District of Zambia

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Career choice has become a complex science with the advent of post-industrial revolution and job competition. The right career made for pupils entering the professional education is critical having life impact on their professional life and future achievement. However, studies have shown that gender plays a deterministic role in career choices. Although significant progress in achieving parity in education is evident, there are limited studies that examine factors that lead to gender differences in career choice as boys and girls progress on academic ladder. This study examined the differences in career choices and aspirations among girls and boys in selected secondary schools in Mongu District of Western Province, Zambia. The target population for the study comprised all grade 11 and grade 12 pupils accounting for 460 pupils and four career guidance teachers. The study sample was 150 representing 73 boys, 73 girls and 4 career guidance and counselling teachers from the two schools. Interviews and Focus Group Discussions were used as data collection methods. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically while quantitative data was analyzed using frequency distributions and tables. The findings indicated that male pupils have more career ambitions unlike girls due to their upbringing and how they are socialized. Prominent factors that came out as affecting pupil’s career choice were; Parental influence, the nature of acquired results at grade 12, financial constraints, peer pressure and teachers advice. The study highlighted some of the gender stereotypical segregation where one class of only boys was put in a separate class to take subjects that are perceived to be male dominated like Geometrical Science, Woodwork and pure sciences. This separation clearly showed that the school management was not supporting girls to take up such subjects which in turn gives girls no motivation. The study identified, lack of support from school management when it comes to career pathways of pupils, inadequate time allocated for career guidance services and programs, unavailability of career guidance teachers, as well as lack of role models. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the school board should adopt a gender sensitive and responsive policy on career pathways and programs that support boys and girls academic endeavors, as well as organize trainings for career guidance teachers coupled with latest teaching and learning materials such as career guide manuals for pupils.

AI-Driven Writing Instruction and College EFL Learners’ Writing Proficiency: A Complex Dynamic Systems Perspective

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Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) technology is transforming language education, particularly in the realm of writing instruction. Since the introduction of OpenAI’s ChatGPT, extensive research has demonstrated the efficacy of incorporating GenAI into writing instruction to boost learners’ writing proficiency. These studies have typically employed a “ladder” perspective to assess learners’ writing development through comparing the outcomes of pre- and post-intervention tests. However, this approach often overlooks the dynamic progression of writing competence. To address this gap, the present study investigated the developmental trajectory of tertiary-level English learners’ writing proficiency through the framework of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST). Over a 13-week AI-driven writing program, thirteen students participated and underwent seven writing assessments. The comparison between learners’ initial and final writing proficiency states revealed significant improvements in overall writing proficiency, as well as in the dimensions of writing complexity and accuracy, though not in fluency. Nonetheless, analysis of the writing outcomes indicated fluctuations in overall writing proficiency, complexity, fluency, and accuracy across the seven tests. Additionally, learners displayed individual variability in their developmental trajectories across all aspects of writing. The study also identified trade-offs among writing complexity, fluency, and accuracy throughout the instructional process. These findings provide empirical support for CDST within an AI-driven teaching context and offer valuable insights for enhancing writing instruction.