Articles

Validation of Amharic Version of Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit among Patients Admitted to ICU at Two Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Background: Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is a widely accepted, easily available, and quick tool for assessment of delirium in ICU. Globally, multiple studies have been conducted to cross culturally translate and validate the tool to make it fit the local setting. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been cross-culturally translated and validated into Amharic. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the Validity of the Amharic Version of Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) among patients admitted to adult ICU in two centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods and materials: An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted at the intensive care unit of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Menelik-II Hospital. A total of 132 eligible patients were included in this study. Data were collected by nurses and resident physicians using Google form from 1-December-2023 to 30-April-2024. Data analysis was performed using to SPSS V.27. Descriptive analyses were performed using frequency and percentage for categorical variables and mean with standard deviation for continuous variables. Reliability, inter-rater reliability (k), and acceptability of the tool were assessed.

Results: The Amharic version was translated by group of experts, including anesthesiologists, psychiatrists, language experts, and the primary investigator, ensuring content and face validity. A total of 132 patients participated in this study, with a response rate of 95.65%.  The Amharic version of CAM-ICU had high acceptance (100%), good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.718), and substantial inter-rater agreement (k=0.762). 11 (8.3%) and 7(5.3%) of 132 patients were diagnosed with delirium by doctors and nurses, respectively, using CAM-ICU Amharic. Moreover, 7 of 132 patients (5.3%) were diagnosed with delirium concurrently by both physicians and nurses.

Conclusion: The Amharic version of CAM-ICU is an acceptable, valid, and reliable tool for delirium assessment in ICU. Utilization of CAM-ICU Amharic in clinical practice after provision of proper training would enable better detection of delirium in ICU.

Simultaneous Estimation of Atazanavir & Ritonavir in API & Marketed Formulations by Using RP-HPLC

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Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. Atazanavir and Ritonavir are antiviral agents used in treatment of HIV. A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and cost-effective high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. The selected mobile phase was Methanol: Phosphate Buffer in proportion 65:35 v/v respectively. The optimized columns used are C18 column, Symmetry and Zodiac column. X bridge C18 (4.6×150 mm, 5 µm) particle size was found to be ideal as it gave good peak shape and resolution at 1ml/min flow for Atazanavir and Ritonavir. In this study, the validation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in API and marketed formulations were performed keeping in accordance with the parameters like system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision (reproducibility & repeatability), robustness. The developed stability indicating method is capable for determination of impurities of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in combined tablet dosage form as well as individual dosage forms also. The method has been successfully validated according to ICH guidelines and the results obtained by using RP – HPLC are rapid, accurate and precise. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the analysis of synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations of Atazanavir and Ritonavir.

Validity and Practicality of Learning Tool for Independent Campus Learning (ICL) Study Program Diploma 3 (D3) Mechanical Engineering Bali State Polytechnic (BSP)

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The Independent Campus Learning (ICL) Policy is one of the policy studies that the government is currently promoting to be implemented in universities. Implementing this policy in educational programs, Study Program (SP) readiness is very much needed. This readiness is demonstrated by having appropriate learning tools that are in line with the ICL curriculum. Following up on this policy, SP D3 Mechanical Engineering BSP developed learning tools oriented to the ILC curriculum.  This research aims to determine the level of validity and practicality of learning tools in the form of Semester Learning Plans (SLP), and ICL PS D3 Mechanical Engineering oriented textbooks. The research uses a research and development approach with the Borg & Gall model modified into three development stages, namely: define, design, and develop. The validity test results show that the validity level of the SLP and the ICL SP D3 Mechanical Engineering oriented textbook reached 84.9% and 82.7%, both of which were categorized as valid. The practicality level reached 84.9% and 82.7%, both categorized as practical, with several minor revisions. The implication is that the prototype after carrying out minor revisions can be used as a learning tool and can be continued to the next development stage, namely effectiveness testing.