Analysis of Technical Electrical Issues and Energy Losses in a 20/0.4 kV Power Distribution Network: A Case Study of Sheberghan City
Power distribution systems in developing countries often face significant technical and non-technical losses, which reduce efficiency and reliability. This study focuses on the 20/0.4 kV distribution network of Sheberghan City, Afghanistan, aiming to identify key sources of energy loss and propose practical solutions for improving system performance. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative field measurements with qualitative insights from utility staff. Data were collected through direct site visits, operational records from the Sheberghan Electricity Department, and structured interviews with engineers. Energy losses were calculated for each feeder and transformer by considering conductor types, network topology, load patterns, voltage drops, and seasonal variations. The total annual energy loss was found to be 3,012,381.5 kWh, accounting for approximately 10.19% of the system’s total energy input, equivalent to a financial loss of over 18 million AFN annually. Voltage drop analysis revealed an average loss of 1.2643 kV in the 20 kV lines and up to 16 V in the 0.4 kV branches. Technical losses were mainly caused by conductor resistance, transformer overloading, lack of reactive power compensation, and outdated infrastructure. Non-technical losses included billing inaccuracies, illegal connections, and human errors during operations. This study highlights the urgent need for modernization in the Sheberghan distribution system. Implementing smart grid technologies, upgrading transformers, installing capacitor banks and voltage regulators, and adopting distributed generation strategies can significantly reduce losses and improve reliability. Additionally, training programs for technical staff and stricter enforcement of operational standards are essential to mitigate human-induced inefficiencies. The findings provide actionable insights for other developing regions seeking to enhance the efficiency and resilience of their medium- and low-voltage distribution networks.