Articles

Analysis of the Relationship between Duration of Diabetes Mellitus and HbA1c Levels in Type 2 DM Patients at Primary Health Center in Kupang City

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health challenge characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia and progressive metabolic dysfunction. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) serves as the gold standard for assessing long-term glycaemic control and is closely linked to the risk of diabetes-related complications. Disease duration has been hypothesised to influence glycaemic outcomes; however, findings from previous studies remain inconsistent, warranting further investigation.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between disease duration and glycaemic control, as measured by HbA1c levels, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: An analytical observational study with cross-sectional design was conducted on 71 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at three primary health centres in Kupang City from July to August 2025. Disease duration data were obtained through interviews and medical records, categorised as less than one year, one to five years, and more than five years. HbA1c levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography method. Data analysis used Spearman’s correlation test with significance level of α=0.05.

Results: Mean HbA1c levels demonstrated an ascending trend across duration categories: 8.25±3.15% for less than one year, 9.06±2.14% for one to five years, and 9.92±2.76% for more than five years. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between disease duration and HbA1c levels (r=0.247; p=0.038).

Conclusion: A significant positive correlation exists between type 2 diabetes mellitus duration and HbA1c levels, although with weak correlation strength. This finding emphasises the importance of regular glycaemic monitoring and comprehensive multifactorial management approaches, as glycaemic control is influenced not only by disease duration but also by modifiable factors including medication adherence, lifestyle modifications, and psychosocial support.

Comparative Economic Burden of Tuberculosis Patients with and Without Diabetes Mellitus in Kupang City, Indonesia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

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Background: Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus are major public health problems with a well-recognized bidirectional relationship. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis, while tuberculosis may worsen glycemic control. This comorbidity may also increase household economic burden through higher non-medical expenses, productivity loss, and catastrophic health expenditure. Evidence comparing the economic burden of tuberculosis patients with and without diabetes mellitus in Kupang City remains limited.

Objective: To compare the economic burden between tuberculosis patients without diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus in Kupang City, Indonesia, in 2025.

Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study included 86 respondents, consisting of 43 tuberculosis patients without diabetes mellitus and 43 tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus who were receiving outpatient treatment at 10 primary health centers in Kupang City.

Results: A significant difference in economic burden was observed between the two groups. The median total cost among tuberculosis patients without diabetes mellitus was IDR 255,000, whereas the median total cost among tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus was IDR 850,000. Direct non-medical costs and indirect costs were also higher in the tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus group. Catastrophic costs were significantly more frequent in the TB-DM group than in the TB non-DM group (44.2% vs. 20.9%; p = 0.021).

Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus significantly increases the economic burden among tuberculosis patients. Compared with tuberculosis patients without diabetes mellitus, those with tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus incur higher total costs, greater non-medical expenditures, and higher indirect costs. These findings support the need for integrated tuberculosis-diabetes services and stronger financial protection strategies for vulnerable patients.

Changes in Serum Electrolytes, Urea, And Creatinine Levels in Diabetic Patients on Insulin Treatment in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

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: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and electrolyte metabolism, often complicated by renal dysfunction. Insulin therapy plays a central role in glycemic control; however, its influence on serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine levels remains clinically relevant. This study evaluated changes in serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine levels among diabetic patients receiving insulin therapy compared with diabetic patients who are not on insulin treatment in Enugu Metropolis. A total of 60 diabetic patients aged 18 years and above were recruited for the study, comprising 40 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 20 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Serum sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate were analyzed using the ion-selective electrode (ISE) method, while serum urea was determined using the urease Berthelot method, and creatinine was estimated by the Jaffe’s kinetic method. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and standard error of mean (SEM). Comparison between the two groups was performed using Student’s t-test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The insulin-dependent group showed mean serum sodium of 140.20 ± 5.10 mmol/L, potassium 4.50 ± 0.45 mmol/L, calcium 2.45 ± 0.16 mmol/L, chloride 103.50 ± 5.10 mmol/L, bicarbonate 24.00 ± 2.30 mmol/L, urea 7.00 ± 1.80 mmol/L, and creatinine 95.00 ± 15.00 µmol/L. When compared with non-insulin-dependent patients, insulin-dependent patients had significantly higher levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride (P<0.05). Serum urea and creatinine levels were significantly lower in insulin-dependent patients (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in serum bicarbonate levels between the two groups (P>0.05). These findings indicate that insulin therapy is associated with significant alterations in serum electrolytes and improved renal function indices among diabetic patients. Monitoring of electrolytes and renal parameters is therefore essential in the management of diabetic patients on insulin therapy.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Death in COVID-19 Patients at Bahteramas Regional General Hospital, Southeast Sulawesi Province

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has been classified as a pandemic since 2020.

Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for death due to COVID-19 at the Bahteramas Public Hospital, Southeast Sulawesi Province.

Method: This research is a retrospective analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The number of samples is 85 samples. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. The data were processed using the Chi-Square test and Odds Ratio.

Results: This study shows that 47 people died at the Bahteramas Hospital in Southeast Sulawesi Province from March to November 2020, the variable age (p value = 0.001 and OR value 5.216), gender (p value = 0.078 and OR value = 2.180), hypertension variable (p value = 0.071 and OR value = 2.510), and diabetes mellitus variable (p value = 0.013 and OR value = 3.300).

Conclusion: Age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for death due to COVID-19 at Bahteramas Public Hospital, Southeast Sulawesi Province.

 

Diabetes Leading to Kidney Disease: A Review

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, and it represents a significant risk factor for the development and            progression  of  kidney disease. This review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between diabetes and kidney disease,  highlighting  the underlying  mechanisms, risk  factors, diagnostic  approaches,  and therapeutic interventions.

Study to Assess the Prevalence of Risk Factor of Chronic Kidney Disease among Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Client at Karambakkam

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Aim: The present study aims to assess the prevalence of risk factor of chronic kidney disease among diabetes mellitus and hypertensive client at karambakkam.

Methods and Materials: A Non-experimental descriptive research design was used for the present study. A total 200 samples were collected using purposive sampling technique. The demographic of diabetes mellitus and level of knowledge of risk factor of chronic kidney diseases was assessed using structured questioner and, followed by that data was gathered and analyzed.

Results: The results the study revealed that there is a significant association with the level of knowledge on risk factor of chronic kidney diseases among diabetes mellitus and hypertensive client at p<0.001.

Conclusion: Thus, the present study concluded that majority of the clients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension had inadequate knowledge and it is recommended that they should be educated on the risk factors of CKD.

Anti-Diabetic Agents in Covid-19, Their Possible Role Beyond Diabetes

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Recent reports from various observational investigations revealed and published the outcomes of Non-insulin Anti-diabetic agents. Patients additionally with Type-II Diabetes Mellitus and coronavirus disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] has become widespread disease in the world since last 3 years. Age, sex, ethnicity, obesity and co-morbidities all apparently enhance the risk of worst consequences. Glucose lowering drugs and anti-viral drug treatment could limit the risk but impose restrictions on their usage which needs to be carefully assessed. This severe acute respiratory syndrome [coronavirus] might be a potentially triggering and worsen the aspect for the diabetic patients that can bring about severe metabolic complications effecting β-cell function leading to hyperglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis.

Analysis of Characteristics of Coronary Artery Stenosis Based on the Comorbidities in Coronary Heart Disease Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography

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Background: Comorbid diseases are a risk factor for atherosclerosis in coronary heart disease (CHD). Atherosclerosis causes the narrowing of the coronary arteries so that the heart muscles lack blood supply. Diagnostic coronary angiography is an invasive medical examination performed to determine the presence of coronary artery stenosis and to show the location and the number of coronary artery stenosis.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of coronary artery stenosis based on comorbidities of patients with CHD undergoing coronary angiography.

Methods: This analytical study was conducted using a cross-sectional design of 105 patients with CHD undergoing coronary angiographyat the catheterization laboratory at Bahteramas Hospital, Southeast Sulawesi, from January 1 to December 31, 2021.Statistical testing used Chi-squaretests with 95% confidence interval and significance set as p<0.05.

Results: Most of the respondents were over 45 years old as many as 87 (82.9%), and most are male as many as 72 (68.6%). The category of the highest number of stenosis was less than two stenosis, namely 70 patients (66.7%) with the most common location as the  Left Anterior Descending. The comorbidities category included a history of dyslipidemia in 41 people (39.0%), history of diabetes mellitus (DM) in 28 people (26.7%), and history of hypertension in 75 people (71.4%).The bivariate analysis showed a history of DM was associated with coronary artery stenosis (p-value = 0.007) with an Odds Ratio of 3.111.

Conclusions: Patients with DM have 3.111 times greater possibility of developing stenosis of the coronary arteries.WC:246

Genetic Predictors of Development of Diabetic Foot Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

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An increase in the population of patients with diabetes mellitus affects the incidence of diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), as its chronic complication. Among the various types of growth factors that play a role in the development of late complications of diabetes, vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, is currently in the focus of attention. The study conducted by the authors was aimed at determining the relationship between the G634C polymorphism of the VEGFA rs2010963 gene and the predisposition to the development of diabetic foot syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus. We examined 96 patients aged 39 to 76 years with diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic foot syndrome. Based on the studies, it was determined that the G634C polymorphism in the VEGFA gene (rs2010963) is involved in the formation and development of diabetic foot syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Self Administration of Insulin Injections

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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus usually called  diabetes sugar condition that occurs  when the ones body does not produce insulin or body is enable to use normal amount insulin properly.

Objectives: The objectives of the study where on asses the knowledge and practice regarding the diabetes patient.

Design: a descriptive survey approach to assess the knowledge regarding self administration of insulin among the diabetes mellitus patient.

Tool: using 15 items questionnaire was in known portability conversing sampling technique the sample setting is selected area of kansarakui.

Sample Size: the sample size was 40.

Result: The study identify the 17 patient (42.55) having good, 16(40%) have average, and (17.5) poor knowledge administration of insulin among diabetes patient.