Articles

Cytomorphometric Changes of Buccal Exfoliated Pap Stained Smears among COVID-19 Recovered Patients; Sudan 2022

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Introduction: COVID-19 is known to cause various changes in oral mucosa which can be detected by exfoliative cytology. The present study aimed to determine the cytomorphometric change of oral mucosa exfoliated Pap-stained smears for COVID-19 recovered patients at Khartoum state 2022.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative, community-based study conducted at Khartoum State. Eighty (80) participants who recovered from COVID-19 enrolled in the study as cases and twenty (20) healthy participants as the control group.

Results: In the present study the ages of the participants ranged between 19-75 years. Mean was significantly different in cytoplasm diameter (CD), nucleus diameter (ND), and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/CR) between the patients who recovered from COVID-19 versus the healthy group (69.71μm versus 37.45μm, P. value= 0.001; 10.02μm versus 6.05μm, P. value= 001; and 28.9 μm versus 18.0μm, P. value= 0.016) respectively.

Conclusion: The marked changes in cytomorphometric parameters caused by infection with COVID-19 prove that infection with the virus causes changes in the buccal mucosa.

These findings will help in the screening and diagnosis of the disease.

The Impact of Spiritual, Social, And Emotional Intelligence on the Performance of SMEs in the Covid-19 Pandemic

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Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are an important part of the economic system in Indonesia, this can be seen from the number compared to large-scale industrial enterprises. SMEs in their position have advantages compared to large-scale businesses, one of the advantages is being able to absorb more labor and accelerate the process of equitable development. However, currently, SMEs are experiencing problems in achieving better performance. These obstacles do not only come from within the SMEs organization but also from outside. Internal factors are factors that come from the work environment such as organizational culture, attitudes, and actions of colleagues as well as the organizational structure of the SMEs. Internal factors include intelligence it has, there are several bits of intelligence in humans, including emotional intelligence, social intelligence, and spiritual intelligence. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of spiritual intelligence, social intelligence, and emotional intelligence on SMEs actors during the Covid-19 period. This research is a quantitative study with a population of small and medium enterprises. The sampling method is purposive sampling, which was conducted using 90 samples. The approach of data analysis with multiple linear regression. The tool used is a regression with IBM SPSS 25 software. The results showed that spiritual intelligence, social intelligence, and emotional intelligence affected the performance of SMEs during the Covid-19 period.

Formulation of Compressed Lozenges from Decaffeinated Arabica Green Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Bean Extract as Immune Booster

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Global public health issues include emerging and reemerging viruses. The most recent cause of COVID-19 is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The main goal of current medical research is the creation of new, affordable, and effective anti-COVID-19 medications. The immune system regulates coronavirus infection in the human body. The current study explores the relationship between antioxidants and the immune system’s ability to fight off infections and the pathogenicity of the coronavirus. Arabica coffee contains chlorogenic acid, which is efficacious as a contributor to antioxidant and antiviral activity. But arabica coffee also contains caffeine, which can cause ulcers in people who do decaffeination using dichloromethane solvent to reduce levels of caffeine. The objective of this study is to create Arabica coffee seed extract compressed lozenges as an antioxidant to boost the immune system. Arabica coffee extraction is done by Soxhletasi. Formulation lozenges are made in three formulas with varying types of flavorings: F1 (strawberry), F2 (tiramisu), and F3 (vanilla). Lozenges were analyzed using HPLC with pretreatment SPE to see the effect of the formulation on the content of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. F1 caffeine content 1.324%, 4.484% F2, F3 0.134. F1 chlorogenic acid content 2.996%, 2.834% F2, F3 4.530% .The result of the granules and lozenges evaluation is required for the granules and lozenges requirements. As a result of hedonic stimulation, the respondent can receive a taste of lozenges. Formula lozenges which most preferred is the formula F1 with strawberries creamer diluent with caffeine content of 1.324% and chlorogenic acid content of 2.996%. The conclusion of this study is that green coffee bean extract can be made into lozenges, and caffeine levels in coffee can be reduced by decaffeination. but the level of chlorogenic acid decreased along with the decrease in caffeine.

 

The Effect of Earning Asset Quality and Loan to Deposit Ratio on Non-Performing Loan of Rural Banks: Comparison between before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic

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This study aims to analyze the effect of Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Earning Asset Quality (EAQ) on Non-Performing Loan (NPL) before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data used in this study are the quarterly reports of rural banks in Central Java from 174 banks. Data analysis was carried out by comparing multiple linear regressions before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results show that the Covid-19 pandemic can strengthen the negative relationship between LDR and NPL, as well as strengthen the positive relationship between EAQ and NPL. LDR before the Covid1-19 pandemic had an insignificant negative effect, but during the pandemic it had a negative and significant effect. Whereas EAQ had a positive effect on NPL both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Prepare and Standardize the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Scale/Tool regarding Covid-19

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Since the first case was diagnosed in 2019 and global outbreak started in 2020, the corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has become one of the world’s most critical health problems. Covid-19 was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Corona virus rapidly spread in crowed area. Paschim Medinipur district is over populated place, therefore it may control with the help of adequate knowledge, positive attitude and to avoid risky practice regarding Covid-19. Therefore, the present study mainly focuses on the construction and standardization of a usable scale/ tool that will help the researcher to know about the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding Covid-19 of undergraduate college students. Education system of India was fully affected for last two years due to Covid-19 pandemic. Total education system was converted as a novel teaching and learning approaches- as digital online learning or virtual classroom during this pandemic phase. This study conducted on fifty undergraduate students, who has been participated for item analysis and sixty undergraduate students was considered for reliability test for this study from different colleges of Paschim Medinipur district. Researcher has generated the items of questionnaire/scale based on the review of literature related to Covid-19 and finally addition or alteration by the experts was done. This questionnaire/scale was divided into three sections i.e. knowledge, attitude and practice section/portion. Knowledge and attitude sections are divided into five and four dimensions respectively. Likert type summative three point rating scale was used in this scale. After construction of scales/tool researcher analysed the items based on discrimination index and difficulty value and Pearson’s product-moment coefficient of correlation (r) was used for the reliability of the scale/tool. Initially, the scale was prepared with the help of 32 knowledge items, 23 items related to attitude and 12 items related to practice. Finally, after item analysis, it was found that in the knowledge section 19 items were accepted out of 32 items, in attitude section 19 items were accepted out of 23 items and in practice section 11 items were retained out of 12 items. The test – retest method was applied for reliability test and Pearson’s Product Moment method was used to determine the correlation between two tests of this scale. The coefficient of correlation (r) of the scale was found as 0.89, 0.83 and 0.78 of knowledge, attitude and practice section respectively, which is highly significant. The present study describes how to construct a standardized tool to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Covid-19 that has a good items and significant reliability.

Analysis of Students’ Examination Post Covid-19 Results and Pre Covid-19 Results: Case Study of the International University of Management

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Within the COVID-19 move to online instruction, numerous educator teachers have looked for out video conference innovations (such as zoom) pointing to reproduce conventional classrooms online. At confront esteem, synchronous video shows up to offer more prompt replicability of existing face to face synchronous teaching. However, moving academically from one medium to another is not continuously a smooth move. The COVID-19 situation has constrained pressing moves, and without satisfactory openings to plan for a modern medium, a few teaches have struggled. Higher instruction (HE) has seen a developing drift towards online study. Be that as it may, educating is profoundly associated to one’s beliefs, values, and commitments and to connections with understudies. A change in the mode of instruction and instructional method has the potential to disrupt these profound and individual associations giving rise to an emotional reaction.  In later times, unsettling influences, such as pandemics, common calamities, and social distress have put colleges in unsteady circumstances, influencing instructive forms. The length of unsteady circumstances is unusual and can be weeks or a long time. In spite of these disturbances, colleges have to be proceed to satisfy their mission to teach youthful individuals. In arrange to examine the relocation to online learning beneath the COVID-19 widespread and look at understudy and workforce recognitions and lessons learned, a writing think about on flexible organizations and scholastic progression and a case study of the International University of Management.

 

Quality of Drug Management during the Covid-19 Pandemic at Outpatient Health Center, Kendari City

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Covid-19, declared a global pandemic by WHO, has infected 10,242,298 cases in Indonesia. Especially in Southeast Sulawesi, there were 521 cases, with the most in Kendari city. Public health centers are generally the first goal of treatment by the community, so they must be able to manage and utilize their resources effectively and efficiently in breaking the chain of Covid-19 transmission. COVID-19 impacts changes in health services carried out at the Puskesmas, so it is crucial to evaluate the quality of drug management at the puskesmas during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to evaluate the quality of drug management in all outpatient health centers in Kendari City during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research was descriptive and non-experimental with retrospective data collection in all outpatient health centers in Kendari City using the Satibi indicator as a subject with research objects including drug stock cards, LPLPO, RKO, and several other documents. Based on the results, all puskesmas remained active in proposing drugs to FORNAS during the pandemic. However, the percentage value of the suitability of drug items available with FORNAS did not yet meet the standards. The accuracy of planning, the suitability of the number of requests, and the suitability of the number of receipts are not up to standard. Storage according to dosage form, temperature, LASA, and FEFO were following standards, the accuracy of distribution, empty stock items, insufficient stock, safe stock, and the excess stock did not meet standards, and there were still expired or damaged drugs. The suitability of the physical amount of the drug meets the standard, but there are outpatient health centers that do not evaluate drug management periodically during 2020.

The Study of Teenage Stress of Pet Owners and Non-Pet Owners during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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In December 2019, the new coronavirus outbreak forced many countries to quarantine in their own homes. It can cause a lot of stress. For example, the increasing number of infected people makes us anxious. This leads people to find ways to relieve stress. In this research, we analyzed whether raising animals could really help reduce stress. We collected information from pet owners and non-pet owners who are between 13 and 19 years old using an online questionnaire. Survey samples were selected through a volunteer sampling method with a total of 120 responses. We analyzed data using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results of the analysis showed different outcomes for stress in the teenage pet owners and non-pet owners during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there was no different outcome in the aspect of attitudes toward pets between pet and non-pet owners. Our results revealed that the stress of non-pet owners was higher than the pet owners. Therefore, people who keep pets experience less stress from quarantine during the coronavirus outbreak than those who do not keep pets during quarantine. Our analysis revealed that the attitude toward pets of pet owners and the attitude toward pets of non-pet owners were very similar and still above the mean attitude toward pets of pet owners and non-pet owners are both at a good level.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation in Thailand

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Coronavirus in 2019, also known as COVID-19, is SARS-CoV-2, is spreading across the globe. Most of our work focuses on situation and statistics of coronavirus cases 2019 in Thailand. This article focuses on beginning of disease and spreading around the world and in Thailand. As many as 11 strains of the coronavirus 2019 mutation, causing the cumulative number of infections to increase and even with the invention and development of vaccines. To prevent disease comes out a variety of vaccines. But the number of infections and deaths continues to rise. Therefore, government disease prevention measures should be followed and self-protection should be appropriate. To prevent the number of infections and deaths from increasing again.

Menstruation and Sex Hormones in Covid-19: Effects in Women of Child-Bearing Age

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Numerous studies have examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s mental health and menstrual cycles. However, most of these studies only included outpatients with COVID-19, whereas information on hospitalised women is minimal. ACE 2 is essential for the SAR-CoV2 virus to enter human cells and the human ovary. Since it stimulates steroid secretion, aids in follicle development and oocyte growth, influences ovulation, and maintains the corpus luteum, it stimulates steroid secretion and aids in follicle development and oocyte growth. Hospitalised female COVID-19 patients exhibit menstrual changes and heightened symptoms of mental health disorders. Length of isolation was the most influential factor in overall menstrual changes and mental health in female COVID-19 hospitalised patients. Infection with COVID-19 may affect the menstrual cycle in females. Further prospective research is required to confirm these findings and determine the duration of these menstrual irregularities.