Articles

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanoparticles Using Cow Urine, Cow Dung and Vermiwash: Review of Article

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Green synthesis has recently drawn significant interest as a viable, evolving, and environmentally friendly method for synthesis of variety of nanomaterials, including metal/metal oxide nanoparticles. In this review, we summed up the general protocols and mechanism of green synthesis and mechanism of green synthesis routes, especially for Silver(Ag), Silver oxide(Ag2O), Cadmium(Cd), Copper(Cu), Copper ferrite(CuFe2O4), Palladium(Pd), and Graphene nanomaterials/nanoparticles using cow urine[1] and Zinc oxide(ZnO), C dots and Amorphous Nano-silica and other nanoparticles using cow dung extract and Copper oxide, silver, gold, molybdenum doped TiO2 nanoparticles from vermiwash. We carefully examined the primary function of biological elements found in cow dung, cow urine and vermiwash. Vermiwash is the leachate that comes from vermicomposting units. Because it is a natural substance with brown colour and contains a lot of nutrients for plants, it can be used as liquid fertilizer. Additionally, the humic acid it contains aids in the growth of plants. In the solvent system, these basic biomolecules serve as stabilizing and reducing agents[2]. Characterization techniques are also used to discuss surface shape, phase development, and nanoparticle stability. Lastly, we talked about the potential applications of these synthesized nanoparticles as an anticancer agent, antimicrobial activity, photocatalyst and a drug delivery system.

Morphological Characteristics of Jackfruit at Pasar Manna District of South Bengkulu, Indonesia

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Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk) is a plant species with high potential to develop. This species is commonly found in home gardens and adaptive to various environmental conditions. The use of jackfruit as a table fruit, vegetable, and medicine has remained limited. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity of local jackfruit in Pasar Manna District, South Bengkulu Regency, Indonesia, based on morphological traits and soluble solids concentration. Field observations and purposive sampling were employed, and plant morphology was identified using both qualitative and quantitative data based on the descriptors published by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI, 2000). Morphological analysis of 10 jackfruit trees from five sub-districts in Pasar Manna District revealed 35 distinct traits, highlighting both differences and similarities among genotypes. The identified accessions—Tanjung Mulia1 (TM1), Tanjung Mulia2 (TM2), Ketapang Besar1 (KB1), Ketapang Besar2 (KB2), Padang Sialang1 (PS1), Padang Sialang2 (PS2), Pasar Bawah1 (PB1), Pasar Bawah2 (PB2), Pasar Mulia1 (PM1), and Pasar Mulia2 (PM2)—exhibited variations in plant morphology. TM1, TM2, and PS1 produced fruits with spheroid and ellipsoid shapes, weighing between 5.8 kg and 8.9 kg, with sugar content ranging from 11 Brix to 17 Brix. These findings indicate significant variation in fruit, stem, and seed morphology, suggesting adaptation to the local environment. This study contributes to the advancement of enhanced jackfruit germplasm in South Bengkulu, Indonesia.

Morphometric and Phenotypic Characterization of Pote Goats in Soket Laok Village, Tragah District, Bangkalan Regency, Madura

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphometric characteristics of Pote goats in Soket Laok Village, Madura Island. The material used was 200 Pote goats with an age range from over 1 year (PI0>6) to more than 3.5 years (PI8). The sample included 90 goats aged over 1 year (PI0>6), 36 goats aged between 1 and 1.5 years (PI2), 54 goats aged between 1.5 and 2.5 years (PI4), 16 goats aged between 2.5 and 3.5 years (PI6), and 4 goats aged over 3.5 years (PI8). The method used is a survey method which includes conducting surveys and interviews. Data were obtained using a purposive sampling technique. The results showed that morphometric measurements on the head and body of Pote goats had the highest average at PI 8, which means that along with the increasing age of Pote goats, it will affect the body size of goats. The results of the dominant phenotypic characteristics of Pote goats are the shape of a pitcher udder, the shape of long drooping ears, the shape of flat horns, rectangular pupils, convex facial profiles, there is rewos hair both in males and females and there is no beard, and phenotypic Pote goats with different ages do not have significant differences.