Nuclear Technology in Plant Breeding: Evaluating Radiation Effects on Genetic Diversity and Stability

Plant breeding is a fundamental strategy for food security, adaptation to climate change, and sustainable crop production. The limitations of conventional breeding methods, particularly the restriction of genetic diversity and the long-time requirement, have necessitated the application of novel technologies. The application of nuclear technology, specifically the induction of mutations through radiation, is considered an effective tool for increasing genetic diversity and selecting desirable traits. This review article analyzes the evaluation of radiation effects on genetic diversity and stability in plant breeding. In this article, the mechanism of radiation action, the process of determining the appropriate dose, the types of induced mutations, and the relationship between genetic diversity and stability are explained in detail. Additionally, international experiences of nuclear technology application, the importance of this technology for Afghanistan, and recommendations for future research are presented. The results indicate that the application of an appropriate radiation dose can contribute to increasing genetic diversity; however, maintaining genetic stability and controlling undesirable mutations are fundamental factors for the success of this technology.