Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Cobalt Nanoparticles Synthesized from Ipomoea Batatas Leaves Extract

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Synthesizing nanoparticles with high antioxidant capacity through green routes is critical for creating biocompatible antioxidants. This present study investigated the free-radical scavenging potential of cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) synthesized from Ipomoea batatas leaf extract. Air-dried leaf powder was macerated separately with distilled water and ethanol for 48 h, respectively. The filtrates were lyophilized to give aqueous and ethanol extracts. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were quantified on both extracts, followed by DPPH scavenging assay. The ethanol extract that exhibited higher activity was utilized in the synthesis of CoNPs. The NPs were characterized via UV, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis. The results showed that the ethanol extract demonstrated higher DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 66.49 µg/ml) than aqueous extract (IC50: 641.35 µg/ml) and CoNPs (IC50: 175.18 µg/ml). The CoNPs also competed favorably with ascorbic acid for ferric reducing potential. UV absorption peak was observed at 220 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance of CoNPs. The FT-IR showed characteristic peaks at <800 cm⁻¹ which is characteristic of cobalt oxide bond. The XRD and SEM-EDX analyses showed that the CoNPs were nanocrystalline, spherical, and well-dispersed with an average size of 17–22 nm. The study concludes that the synthesized CoNPs exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant potential which could be further explored for in vivo antioxidant potential.

Attitudes Towards E-Learning and Internet Usage: Their Impact on Students’ Study Habits – A Conceptual Exploration

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In today’s digital world, students’ attitudes toward e-learning and how they use the internet play a big role in forming good study habits needed for school success. This conceptual paper looks closely at these links. It shows how positive views of e-learning help students learn on their own and use resources better. Smart internet use also improves thinking skills and memory. But problems like too much social media or tech issues can hurt study routines. Based on simple theories like the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT), and Self-Regulated Learning (SRL), this paper gives clear ideas for teachers. It fits well for high school and college students, including those in places like Jammu and Kashmir, India, where internet access varies. The paper suggests easy steps like digital training and mixed online-offline classes to make technology help build strong study habits for long-term learning.

The Effect of Environmental Performance, Liquidity, and Leverage on Profitability with Firm Size as a Moderating Variable: Evidence from Mining Companies Listed on the IDX and SET (2018–2024)

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This study aims to examine the impact of environmental performance, liquidity, and leverage on profitability, with firm size acting as a moderating variable, among mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET). Profitability serves as a critical indicator for assessing overall corporate performance.

A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing panel data regression analysis. Data processing and analysis were conducted using EViews version 13. The research sample comprised 28 mining companies listed on the IDX and 25 mining companies listed on the SET, covering the observation period from 2018 to 2024.

The empirical results reveal that environmental performance has a positive and significant effect on profitability for mining companies listed on the IDX; however, it does not significantly affect the profitability of those listed on the SET. Liquidity demonstrates a positive and significant impact on profitability across mining companies in both the IDX and the SET. Conversely, leverage exerts a negative and significant influence on profitability for companies in both markets. Furthermore, firm size fails to moderate the relationship between environmental performance and profitability in both the IDX and SET contexts. Firm size significantly moderates the effect of liquidity on profitability for companies listed on the IDX, but this moderating effect is absent for those listed on the SET. Finally, firm size is unable to moderate the impact of leverage on profitability for mining companies listed on either exchange.

Sonographic Study of Adnexal Masses Using Gynecologic Imaging-Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS)

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Background and Objective: The Gynecology Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS) is a standardized framework designed to improve adnexal mass characterization and streamline clinician-radiologist communication. By utilizing morphological features and Doppler vascularity, GI-RADS reduce subjectivity in ultrasound interpretation. This study evaluated its diagnostic performance in predicting malignancy risk and providing clear clinical pathways for patient management.

Methodology: A clinical study was conducted at Al-Auda Medical Center, Saudi Arabia, The study included 300 female patients (ages 17+) undergoing ultrasound evaluation for adnexal lesions. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.

Results: The mean age was 35.7±10.3 years. Masses were most prevalent in premenopausal married women aged 26–45 (58%), with pelvic pain as the primary indicator (61.3%). Analysis showed 85% of masses had regular capsules and 93.7% were well-defined. Septation occurred in 13.3%, while posterior shadowing and vascularization were noted in 40.3% and 25.7%, respectively. A strong significant correlation (P=0.000) was found between GI-RADS grades and sonographic parameters. Simple ovarian cysts were the most frequent diagnosis (25%), while malignant outcomes were minimal (1.3%). Distribution showed GI-RADS 3 was most frequent (51.7%), followed by GI-RADS 2 (36.3%), GI-RADS 4 (8%), GI-RADS 5 (2%), and GI-RADS 1 (2%).

Conclusion: GI-RADS is a reliable tool for preoperative assessment, effectively distinguishing benign (GI-RADS 2/3) from suspicious (GI-RADS 4/5) lesions. Implementing this standardized language enhances diagnostic accuracy and optimizes surgical management. The researcher recommends mandatory inclusion of GI-RADS scores in all pelvic ultrasound reports to guide clinical decision-making.

Stimulating Green Growth in Bandung’s Food Sector: An Agent Based Simulation on Food Waste Problem

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Food waste is one of the primary contributors to environmental change in Indonesia, posing a significant threat to global sustainability. Food waste in landfills contributes to more methane emissions than any other landfilled material due to its quick decay rate. One of these problems is occurring in the Bandung area, where a humanitarian tragedy caused by a garbage explosion and landslide took place 20 years, leading to a severe waste problem. A similar issue is now happening again. The latest data shows that the final waste disposal site in Bandung area has reached 1200% of its capacity, with around 45% of total waste being dominated by food waste. As a response to this situation, this study simulated the food waste problem in Bandung area, especially in a buffet restaurant to identify the mechanisms beyond the waste problem and find a solution. This study proposes an Agent-Based Modelling as a tool to explain the food waste problem in Bandung, Indonesia and how to reduce it, as shaped by different scenarios. Our simulations indicate that introducing the new policy can reduce the amount of food waste generated by the restaurant. The most effective one is the mixed instrument of rewards and fines policy.

Nutritional Studies on Marine Crabs (Decapoda: Portunidae: Galenidae) from the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu

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This study evaluates the nutritive value of edible marine crabs collected from the Coromandel Coast of the Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Biochemical composition, including protein, carbohydrate, lipid and moisture content, was analyzed in both body and claw meat. Among the species studied, Portunus sanguinolentus exhibited the highest protein content (32.12 ± 0.586%), Scylla serrata showed the highest carbohydrate level (4.61 ± 0.558%) and Podophthalmus vigil recorded the highest lipid (3.75 ± 0.060%) and moisture content (79 ± 0.060%). Overall, hard-shelled crabs demonstrated higher nutritional values compared to soft-shelled crabs.

Patient Satisfaction with Outcome of Cervical Spine Surgery at the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dala, Kano, Nigeria

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Background: Patient satisfaction is increasingly recognised as a crucial metric for evaluating surgical outcomes, complementing traditional clinical and radiological parameters. This study assesses patient satisfaction following cervical spine surgery at the National Orthopaedic Hospital (NOH), Dala, Kano, Nigeria, and identifies factors associated with satisfaction levels.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and December 2024 among 84 patients who underwent cervical spine surgery (anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, posterior decompression, or combined procedures) at NOH, Dala, with a minimum follow-up of six months. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes (pain using Visual Analogue Scale [VAS], functional status using modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association [mJOA] score), and satisfaction using a five-point Likert scale. Satisfaction was dichotomised as satisfied (very satisfied/satisfied) or dissatisfied (neutral/dissatisfied/very dissatisfied). Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of satisfaction.

Results: The response rate was 82.4% (84/102). Mean age was 48.6 ± 12.4 years, with 62 males (73.8%) and 22 females (26.2%). Indications for surgery were degenerative conditions (52 patients, 61.9%) and trauma (32 patients, 38.1%). Overall satisfaction rate was 72.6% (61 patients). Mean VAS improved from 7.4 ± 1.6 preoperatively to 2.8 ± 1.2 postoperatively (p<0.001). Mean mJOA improved from 10.8 ± 2.4 to 14.2 ± 1.8 (p<0.001). Satisfied patients reported significantly greater improvement in VAS (mean change 5.2 ± 1.4 vs. 3.4 ± 1.2, p<0.001) and mJOA (mean change 4.2 ± 1.6 vs. 2.4 ± 1.4, p<0.001) compared to dissatisfied patients. Factors independently associated with satisfaction were: greater improvement in VAS (OR 3.84, 95% CI 1.92–7.68, p<0.001), higher postoperative mJOA (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.48–5.92, p=0.002), and preoperative counselling adequacy (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.28–5.04, p=0.008). Age, sex, indication, and surgical approach were not significant predictors.

Conclusion: Patient satisfaction following cervical spine surgery at NOH, Dala is high (72.6%) and comparable to international benchmarks. Pain relief, functional improvement, and preoperative counselling are the strongest determinants of satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of managing patient expectations and optimising clinical outcomes to enhance satisfaction.

Comparison Between ACDF and Instrumented Posterior Decompression and Fusion in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy at the National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala, Kano, Nigeria: A Retrospective Comparative Study of 85 Patients

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Background: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a leading cause of spinal cord dysfunction. Both anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and posterior decompression with instrumented fusion are established surgical approaches, but comparative data from Nigerian populations remain limited. This study compared clinical outcomes, perioperative parameters, and complications between ACDF and posterior instrumented fusion for CSM at the National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala (NOHD), Kano, Nigeria.

Methods: A retrospective comparative study reviewed records of 85 patients who underwent surgical decompression for CSM between January 2018 and December 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: ACDF (n=48) and posterior decompression with instrumented fusion (n=37). Data extracted included demographics, operative parameters, complications, and outcomes assessed by modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months post-surgery. Recovery rate was calculated using the Hirabayashi formula.

Results: The ACDF group had younger mean age (54.2 ± 9.8 vs. 62.6 ± 11.4 years; p=0.001) and fewer levels fused (1.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.8; p<0.001). ACDF was associated with shorter operative time (182 ± 46 vs. 236 ± 62 minutes; p<0.001), lower blood loss (210 ± 95 vs. 450 ± 240 mL; p<0.001), and shorter hospital stay (5.2 ± 2.4 vs. 8.4 ± 3.2 days; p<0.001). Both groups achieved significant mJOA improvement at 12 months: ACDF from 10.8 ± 2.4 to 14.2 ± 2.1 (p<0.001); posterior from 9.6 ± 2.6 to 13.1 ± 2.3 (p<0.001). Mean recovery rates were 56.8 ± 22.4% for ACDF and 48.6 ± 24.2% for posterior (p=0.12). NDI improved from 46.8 ± 14.2% to 24.6 ± 12.4% in ACDF and from 52.4 ± 15.6% to 29.8 ± 14.2% in posterior (p=0.08). Complication rates were 12.5% (ACDF) and 21.6% (posterior) (p=0.26). ACDF complications included dysphagia (6.3%) and graft-related (2.1%); posterior complications included C5 palsy (5.4%) and wound infection (8.1%).

Conclusion: Both ACDF and posterior instrumented fusion achieve significant neurological improvement in CSM patients at NOHD Kano. ACDF is associated with shorter operative time, less blood loss, and shorter hospital stay, while posterior approaches are preferred for multilevel disease and in older patients. Surgical approach should be individualized based on pathology, levels involved, and patient factors.

The Impact of Nanotechnology on Desalination Water Treatment: Mechanisms, Performance, and Practicality

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A major societal issue that needs an innovative and sustainable approach to freshwater production is the global water scarcity problem. Traditional desalination processes have limitations, such as high energy costs, empirically-supported membrane fouling issues, and low selectivity rates. However, a new approach using nanotechnology may help address many of these problems. Molecular and atomic scale treatments for water can produce higher permeabilities and salt rejection efficiencies through the use of enhanced nano-membranes when using nanomaterials like graphene, nanotubes, and polymer nanocomposites. Examples of mechanisms used in ion removal through nanostructuring include adsorption, sieve-like, and electrochemical interactions. Other examples of improving energy savings through using nanomaterials include capacitive deionization and nanofiltration processes. Challenges associated with nanotechnology are scale-up, cost of production, and the long term stability of the nanomaterials; nonetheless, additional investigation will provide further knowledge regarding the environmental health effects due to leaching of nanomaterials. A life cycle assessment is crucial for a safe and sustainable application of these products and remains an important factor affecting large scale adoption of nanotechnology enabled desalination systems over traditional desalination technologies by being more energy efficient; further study between laboratory results and actual application will help close that gap.

Smart Tourism in Indonesia: AI and Mobile App Impact

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The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and mobile applications into tourism services has fundamentally transformed how travelers interact with destinations, yet the mechanisms through which these technologies drive tourist engagement remain insufficiently understood. This study examines the influence of AI and mobile applications on tourist engagement within the smart tourism ecosystem in Indonesia, while concurrently investigating the mediating roles of tourist satisfaction and technology trust, alongside the moderating effects of digital literacy, technology experience, and risk perception. A quantitative research design was employed, with primary data collected through a structured survey instrument administered to domestic and international tourists across selected smart tourism destinations in Indonesia. Hypothesised relationships were tested using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), which is well-suited to the complexity of the proposed integrative model. The findings confirm that AI adoption and mobile application usage exert significant positive effects on tourist engagement. Tourist satisfaction and technology trust were validated as meaningful mediators, amplifying the relationship between technology utilization and engagement. Digital literacy and technology experience moderated this relationship positively, whereas risk perception exerted an attenuating effect, diminishing engagement levels among tourists with elevated risk concerns. These results underscore that tourist engagement in smart tourism contexts is shaped not solely by technological capabilities but equally by psychological dispositions and individual competencies. Theoretically, this study contributes an integrative framework that bridges technology adoption, consumer psychology, and smart tourism literature. Practically, the findings provide actionable guidance for destination management organizations and technology developers seeking to design more responsive, experience-centred digital tourism ecosystems. Future research is encouraged to replicate and extend the model across diverse tourism contexts and cultural settings.