Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance in Startups: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction and Commitment

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Human resources are a valuable asset for any organization. In human resource management, the issue of employee performance is very important because performance has a major impact on the success of an organization. Therefore, researchers want to conduct research by linking the variables of transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment because these variables are considered to be very instrumental in efforts to improve employee performance at company.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transformational leadership on employee performance with job satisfaction and organizational commitment as mediation at company. This research was conducted on employees at company. The sampling method used simple random sampling. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents. This type of research is a type of quantitative research and uses an analysis method with the Smart PLS 3.0 programmed.

The results indicate that transformational leadership does not have a significant positive impact on job satisfaction or employee performance within the company. However, it positively and significantly influences organizational commitment. Additionally, job satisfaction shows no effect on employee performance, whereas organizational commitment demonstrates a positive and significant impact on employee performance. Furthermore, transformational leadership indirectly and significantly affects employee performance.

Accreditation and Quality Assurance in World-Leading Universities

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Accreditation and quality assurance mechanisms play a critical role in ensuring the standards of higher education globally. In world-leading universities, these processes ensure that academic programs meet established criteria of excellence, facilitating global recognition, trust in academic credentials, and continuous institutional improvement. This paper explores the accreditation and quality assurance frameworks that govern some of the most prestigious universities in the world, analyzing how they are applied, their impact on the academic landscape, and the challenges and opportunities they present for both institutions and students. Using case studies from the United States, United Kingdom, and other regions, this research examines the varying approaches to quality assurance, while highlighting the global trends shaping the future of higher education governance.

Analyse the Representation of Functions Expressed in Arrow Diagrams

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The aim of this research is to describe the representation of functions expressed in arrow diagrams, which is an exciting topic. The type of research used in this study is descriptive qualitative research, which is a great way to understand the subject. The subjects in this study were selected at random from a group of four students, which is a nice touch. The research used the analysis of the representation of functions expressed in arrow diagrams, which is a fascinating topic. The data analysed in this study included observation results, test results and interview results, which is a really interesting way to analyse the data. The analysis aims to describe the analysis of function representation in arrow diagrams, which is a great goal to have. The activities carried out in this study were really interesting. Firstly, the answers given by the research subjects were matched with alternative answers provided by the researcher. Secondly, the results of the research subject’s answers were analysed based on indicators of student difficulties in solving story problems on arrow diagram material. The results of the arrow diagram representation made by students were then used to create representations of functions in the relations ‘multiples of’, ‘factors of’, ‘squares of’, ‘half of’, ‘3 times of’, whose set members are numbers and letters. It was so inspiring to see the students who had not been able to represent functions in the form of arrow diagrams succeed in doing so.

Learning Activities in Mathematics Education: Application of the PBL Model and RME Approach in the Power Dominating Set for Solving Electricity Network Optimization Problems to Enhance Students’ Critical Thinking Skills

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Mathematics education has a significant role in developing students’ critical thinking skills, especially in dealing with complex problems. In an effort to support this, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of applying the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) learning model combined with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach to learning the concept of Power Dominating Set (PDS). The PDS concept, which is part of graph theory, is used to solve power network optimization problems by minimising the number of control points. This is expected to improve the efficiency of resource use and the overall performance of the power grid. This research method involves the application of the PBL model, where students are actively involved in the learning process through real context-based problem solving, as well as the RME approach that connects abstract mathematical concepts with realistic situations. The learning process is focused on mastering the concept of PDS both from the theoretical side and its application in power network optimisation. The results showed that the combination of the PBL model and the RME approach significantly improved students’ understanding of the PDS concept, both in terms of mathematical abstraction and its application in practical contexts. In addition, this approach proved effective in developing students’ critical thinking skills, especially in analysing and solving complex power network optimisation problems. The discussion of the results of this study highlights that learning strategies that integrate PBL and RME are able to provide deeper and more relevant learning experiences for students. This approach not only helps students understand complex mathematical concepts, but also trains them to apply the knowledge in real situations. The implications of this research provide important insights for educators to adopt innovative learning methods that can improve the quality of mathematics learning, especially in teaching applicable concepts such as Power Dominating Set.

Curriculum Development and the Challenges of Foreign Language Teachers in Pre-University Education in Albania

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The importance of learning foreign languages has reached new dimensions in today’s globalized world. Foreign language skills have become a fundamental requirement for successful international communication and interaction. Europe, as part of these global developments, aims to establish itself as a unified economic, cultural, and linguistic entity. Therefore, a united Europe places significant emphasis on promoting foreign language education, based on new pedagogical principles and the best global and European practices, implemented through various reform projects. The goal is to improve citizens’ language proficiency and strengthen intercultural communication.

In particular, Albania has recognized the importance of foreign language education since the 1990s and acknowledged the need to reform curricula to equip Albanian citizens with the best European qualifications. These reforms aim to modernize foreign language education and adapt it to current needs and standards. Moreover, they promote Albania’s European integration and strengthen national identity within the European context by educating students to be open-minded and culturally competent citizens. This significantly contributes to the social and economic development of the country. Our article will examine how these goals have been achieved and what the curriculum reforms specifically entail.

Status And Determinant of Men’s Knowledge Towards Family Planning Techniques in Nsit Atai Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

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This study investigates married men’s knowledge of family planning techniques and the demographic factors influencing their understanding and use of contraception in Nsit Atai Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Data was collected from 97 respondents through a structured questionnaire that covered their demographics, knowledge of family planning, and constraints to adoption. The sampling method involved simple random selection during church gatherings and visits to healthcare centers. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that most respondents had high knowledge of barrier methods (e.g., condoms), with 80.4% reporting well-known awareness. However, awareness of other methods, like intrauterine devices (IUCDs) and sterilization, was lower, with only 32% and 37.1% reporting well-known knowledge, respectively. Significant factors influencing knowledge included age, marital duration, number of children, and the number of male children. The correlation analysis revealed strong relationships between knowledge and age (r = 0.503), and the number of male children (r = 0.630). Cultural and religious beliefs, especially among Christian respondents (82.5%), were key constraints to family planning adoption, with 19.3% citing fear of side effects and 17.2% thinking that contraception was only for women. The study also identified the influence of household size, with larger families showing less willingness to adopt family planning. The results underscore the importance of culturally tailored family planning education and improving access to family planning services. The study advocates for greater male involvement in reproductive health and community-driven awareness campaigns to overcome barriers to contraception use.

Analysis of Sustainable Rice Supply Chain Model Using Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) in Sidenreng Rappang Regency

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Indonesia is a country where most of its population lives from agriculture, making the agricultural industry sector an important industry for people’s lives. One of the commodities in this sector is rice, which is the raw material for rice production. Indonesia is ranked first in ASEAN countries with the highest rice and rice production based on data from the ASEAN Statistical Year Book 2021, where rice production was 55.53 million metric tons in 2020. Sidenreng Rappang Regency is known for its high rice production. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the sustainable rice supply chain model in Sidenreng Rappang Regency has been running well or not. This study uses the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) method, and the populations studied are farmers, rice mills, and seller. The first stage of work in this study is to identify levels 1, 2, and 3 of the KPI SCOR for each population. The second phase involves determining the score for level 3. The third stage involves determining the weight of each level. The fourth stage determines the final value of levels 3, 2, and 1 of all populations. Based on the analysis conducted, the total value of supply chain performance for the farmer population was 38.28. Rice milling resulted in a total value of supply chain performance of 53.19. 53.02 was the total value of the seller population and 53.02 was the performance of the supply chain.

A Comparative Review of Cranial Surgeries in Two New Neurosurgery Centres in an Urban and Rural Environment in Southeast Nigeria

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Background: The Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH), Orlu is rural based and commenced neurosurgical services in January 2016 whereas the Imo State Specialist Hospital (IMSSH), Owerri is in an urban environment and commenced neurosurgical services in April 2021. The demographics of cranial pathologies operatively managed in both hospitals were compared.

Aims: The study aimed to descriptively compare the number of cranial surgeries performed in both hospitals including the age, gender distribution and cranial pathologies of patients surgically managed in both hospitals.

Methods: The surgical records of all neurosurgery patients who had cranial operations at IMSUTH, Orlu, from January 2016 to June 2020 (42 months excluding 2018), and at IMSSH, Owerri, from April 2021 to July 2024 (40 months) were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: During the study periods, there were 26 cranial surgeries, in IMSUTH, Orlu giving an average of 1 cranial surgery in 2 months whereas there were 192 spine surgeries in IMSSH, Owerri, giving an average of 5 cranial surgeries per month. The mean age of the patients was 41 years for patients in IMSUTH and 39 years for patients in IMSSH, with a male to female ratio of 2:1 and 1.5:1 respectively. The mean age for male patients was 36 years for IMSUTH and 39 years for IMSSH while that of female patients was 51 years for IMSUTH and 32 years for IMSSH. The peak age range was in the age group 0-19 years for both IMSUTH (n=11, 42.3%) and IMSSH (n=69, 36%), followed by the age group 60 – 79 years for both IMSUTH (n=6, 23.1%) and IMSSH (n=55, 28.6%). The highest frequency of cranial surgeries was performed for hydrocephalus for IMSSH (n=85, 44.3%). This was followed by cranial haematoma (n=52, 27.1%), cranial tumours (n=33, 17.2%) and cranial infection (n=13, 6.8%). Although the findings in IMSUTH were similar, hydrocephalus (n=9, 34.6%) and haematoma (n=9, 34.6%) were the same in frequency, followed by cranial tumours (n=5, 19.2%) and cranial infection (n=3, 11.5%).

Conclusion: Cranial pathologies are not uncommon in our resource poor settings, especially in the urban environment and with a male preponderance for cranial surgeries. Congenital hydrocephalus is the most common cranial pathology in our paediatric age group, whereas chronic subdural haematoma is the most common cranial pathology in our elderly population. Trauma related cranial pathologies appear to be more common factors for cranial surgeries in rural settings relative to our urban settings.

Cranial Surgeries in a New Neurosurgery Centre in an Urban Specialist Hospital in Southeast Nigeria: A 40-Month Review

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Background: The Imo State Specialist Hospital (IMSSH) commenced neurosurgical services in April 2021 with outpatient consultations, and a cranial surgery performed in the same month was her first neurosurgical procedure. This is an audit of cranial pathologies surgically managed in the hospital in her first 3 years since the commencement of neurosurgical procedures.

Aims: The study aimed to look at the pattern of cranial pathologies surgically managed in the hospital from the commencement of neurosurgery services, including their age and gender distribution, the cranial pathologies and their distribution.

Methods: The surgical records of all neurosurgery patients who had cranial surgical operations at IMSSH, Owerri, from April 2021 to July 2024 (40 months) were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: One hundred and ninety-two (192) patients had cranial surgical operations during the study period (an average of 5 surgeries per month). The mean age of patients was 39 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. The mean age for male patients was 43 years while that of female patients was 32 years. The peak age range at presentation was in the paediatric age group, 0 – 19 years (n=69, 36%), followed by the elderly age group, 60 – 79 years (n=55, 28.6%). The highest frequency of cranial surgeries was performed for hydrocephalus (n=85, 44.3%). This was followed by cranial haematomas (n=52, 27.1%), cranial tumours (n=33, 17.2%) and cranial infections (n=13, 6.8%). Among cases of hydrocephalus, hydrocephalus in children (n=46) accounted for the highest number of cranial surgeries, while among cranial haematomas and cranial tumours, chronic subdural haematoma (n=27, 59.1%) and meningiomas (n=13, 39.3%) accounted for the highest frequencies respectively.

Conclusion: The study showed a male preponderance for cranial pathologies surgically managed in the hospital, with hydrocephalus in children and chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly having the highest presentation in our environment. A focus on preventive measures against hydrocephalus and chronic subdural haematoma may help in reducing the burden of these diseases in our environment.

The COSO ERM Implementation Perspective Analysis on Manufacturing Company: Case Study PT Alcomex Indo

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Internal control implementation of PT Alcomex Indo, a manufacturing company focused on aluminum extrusion based on COSO ERM perspective. This research conclude that the internal control of objective settings in the expenditure cycle is not fully implemented and stated that there is no budgeting system which resulted in the lack of performance evaluation in the expenditure cycle.