Impact of HMPV on the Human Body

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This study is conducted to identify the grievousness that can be caused by the Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). The major purpose of conducting this study is to spread awareness about the virus. The means and mode of spreading and how it can be prevented from spreading. HMPV is highly contagious, and it is not easy to differentiate it from the common cold. With fast-moving technical advancement, the countries are getting more and more connected with each other. This is a boom in terms of learning and growing in mutual collaboration, but there is a dark side to it, too. Direct contact among a large number of individuals is taking place around the globe. If a person is infected by any contagious disease and not maintaining proper precautions can infect others coming in contact, the carelessness or the innocent unawareness will act like a never-ending chain of spreading the virus. The brief history of the virus and the pattern of the infection is pointed out in this study. Through this study, the major causes of contamination can be identified and how to prevent further spreading. The data used in the study are obtained from secondary data sources because of time limitations.

Workplace Harassment in Nursing: An Urgent Challenge in Healthcare

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Workplace harassment in nursing is a widespread issue that significantly impacts healthcare systems. Nurses frequently face various forms of harassment, including psychological abuse, bullying, and mobbing, from colleagues, supervisors, or even patients. This bibliographic review examines the prevalence, causes, and consequences of workplace harassment in nursing, drawing on extensive research and empirical evidence. The review defines workplace harassment in nursing, highlighting key concepts such as psychological harassment, role conflicts, and the effects of workplace dynamics on nurses’ well-being. It explores how hierarchical structures in healthcare institutions create power imbalances that make newly graduated and lower-ranking nurses more vulnerable.

Studies indicate that 10% to 30% of nurses experience workplace bullying, with many facing ongoing harassment. Contributing factors include high job demands, inadequate staffing, organizational culture, and weak institutional policies. The psychological effects are severe, leading to increased stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, and lower job satisfaction, ultimately affecting patient care. This review also explores individual and organizational risk factors. Personality traits like neuroticism and low self-esteem increase vulnerability, while role conflicts and unclear job responsibilities contribute to stress. Ineffective leadership, lack of support, and tolerance for abusive behaviors further exacerbate the issue.

To address workplace harassment, various interventions have been proposed, including leadership training, conflict resolution programs, psychological support, and zero-tolerance policies. Strategies such as emotional self-regulation training, peer support groups, and improved work conditions show promise in reducing workplace mistreatment. This review underscores the need for systemic changes in healthcare institutions to create a safer and more supportive work environment. Protecting nurses from harassment not only improves their well-being but also enhances healthcare quality.

Endonasal Rhinoplasty: Nasal Remodeling Without Visible Scars. A Case Report

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Endonasal rhinoplasty, also known as closed rhinoplasty, is a surgical procedure used to modify the nasal structure for aesthetic or functional purposes without leaving visible scars. Its main advantage is achieving natural results with a faster recovery compared to other techniques.

This surgical approach requires high precision and a deep understanding of nasal anatomy, as it combines technical skills with an artistic perspective. Over time, it has proven to be an effective option due to its multiple benefits, such as reduced postoperative edema and a shorter recovery period. This article details the endonasal rhinoplasty technique, highlighting its relevance and effectiveness without comparing it to open rhinoplasty, as both have specific indications. It emphasizes the importance of surgeons mastering both approaches to provide options tailored to the individual needs of patients.

A clinical case is presented involving a 21-year-old female patient who sought to improve her nasal profile due to the presence of a dorsal hump and a drooping tip. A closed rhinoplasty was performed under general anesthesia in an appropriate surgical setting, achieving a satisfactory aesthetic outcome with an uneventful postoperative recovery. Currently, endonasal rhinoplasty remains a key technique within the global trend of preservation rhinoplasty, which prioritizes the conservation of nasal structures to ensure stable and harmonious long-term results.

Redefining Menaka: Kavita Kane’s Feminist Reimagining of a Celestial Apsara

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Kavita Kane’s novel Menaka’s Choice presents a feminist reinterpretation of the celestial apsara Menaka, reimagining her beyond the conventional patriarchal portrayal as merely a seductress sent to disrupt Vishwamitra’s penance. Traditionally reduced to a tool of divine manipulation, Menaka has been viewed through a lens that prioritizes her beauty while neglecting her autonomy and personal struggles. Kane challenges this limited representation by depicting Menaka as a complex individual with agency, desires, and emotional depth. This paper explores how Kane reconstructs Menaka’s character, emphasizing her assertion of independence, internal conflicts, and personal growth. By subverting patriarchal structures and foregrounding female agency, the novel reshapes the representation of women in Indian mythology, offering a more nuanced and empowered portrayal. Additionally, the study examines Kane’s narrative techniques, such as the use of a first-person perspective and the infusion of modern feminist sensibilities, to demonstrate how Menaka’s Choice bridges the gap between mythological tradition and contemporary discourse on gender and autonomy. Through this retelling, Kane contributes to the broader movement of feminist mythological fiction, reclaiming the voices of marginalized female figures and challenging established literary and cultural interpretations.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Respiratory Toxicity: A Review

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants primarily associated with chronic respiratory illness. Increased epidemiological findings necessitate a concentrated effort to raise awareness regarding the influence of air quality on the prevalence of highlighted PAHs in airborne particles. PAHs have been associated with respiratory problems including asthma, asthma exacerbation, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema The review gives an insight into the recent PAHs exposure and its toxicity effects on the respiratory system. A literature search across four scientific databases yielded 120 relevant studies, including articles analyzing urinary concentrations of various persistent PAHs and their biomarkers. The study also highlighted the risk posed by PM2.5-PAHs conjugates in causing mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, disrupting signalling pathways resulting in oxidative stress, acute and/or chronic respiratory morbidity, cognitive impairment, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality. The study further emphasizes PAHs’ and their metabolites’ significant toxicity to the respiratory system, inducing AhR/nonAhR interlinked signalling mechanisms that lead to oxidative stress, immune system damage, asthma/COPD, and cancer. In conclusion, the study predominantly indicates positive correlations between PAHs and respiratory toxicity.

Knowledge and Perception Regarding Caesarean Section Delivery and Its Determining Factors Among Married Women of Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City

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Background: A Cesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure that can save the lives of mothers and babies when certain complications arise during pregnancy or labor. This research study assessed the knowledge level, perception and various determining factors for caesarean section among married women of reproductive age.

Method: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among 349 married women of Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City. The mixed method was used in this study; where face to face interviews were taken through semi-structured questionnaire and Likert scale for quantitative data and Key Informant Interview (KII) was completed with the obstetricians for qualitative data. Data collection was done in kobo tool which was generated to SPSS VS.20 and analyzed using Chi-square test and logistic regression for knowledge level and Man-Whitney test(U) and Kruskal–Wallis(H) test for perception where association were established with p value <0.05.

Results: Nearly six out of ten (59%) had adequate knowledge regarding caesarean section. Factors such as religion, education, gravida, previous place and previous mode of delivery were associated with the level of knowledge. In this study, respondents who had experienced previous CS and normal as well as CS were 2.822 (p=0.002) and 2.578 (p= 0.030) times respectively more likely to have adequate knowledge than those with previous normal delivery. The prevalence of CS was found to be 32.9% among the studied population. Major factors such as preferred mode and previous mode of delivery were associated with the perception. The median of perception was significantly higher among respondents who had previous experience of CS than the group who haven’t.

Conclusion: The findings indicated that most respondents had sufficient knowledge about cesarean sections (CS), despite the increasing prevalence of the procedure.  Respondents who had previously undergone a CS had a greater awareness of the procedure compared to those who had a normal vaginal delivery (NVD). Consequently, stakeholders at all levels of government should be held accountable for ensuring the quality and effectiveness of maternal and child health services provided by healthcare institutions.

Stroke: Risks, Diagnosis & Prevention

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Stroke is been seen as life threatening condition which is caused due to interrupted blood flow to the brain which in turn lead to very saviour complication or death. In this paper we are going to explore stroke type, causes, risk factor, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of stroke in terms of allopathic and homeopathic approach. Highlighting the importance of early diagnosis, prevention and post stroke care and prevention to improve patient outcome.

The Position of the Heirs in the Completion of the Sale and Purchase of Land Where the Seller (Heir) Has Deceived

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This study aims to analyze the position of heirs in the settlement of land sales whose sellers (heirs) have died and to explore the procedures for land sales whose sellers have died. The method used by the researcher in this thesis is normative empirical, using a statute approach, a conceptual approach, a case approach, and a sociological approach. The results of the study indicate that the position of heirs in this case is as recipients of the rights and responsibilities of the heir during his lifetime based on the right of saisine, the right of hereditas petito, and the right of legetime portie, as well as other special rights such as the right to think, the right to receive inheritance purely, the right to receive inheritance with the privilege of recording boedel/ or receiving beneficiary, the right to reject inheritance, and the right to demand distribution of inheritance. and the process of transferring rights to certified land whose sellers or heirs have died is by transferring rights to the heirs, which is carried out by first inheriting, which then meets the document requirements and procedures by laws and regulations. Meanwhile, for land that has not been certified, it is carried out openly, in cash, and in real terms in front of the village head and the heirs should register the land by the provisions of the Basic Agrarian Law, Article 19, Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997, Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021, Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs Number 18 of 2021, Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs of 2021 and Perkaban of 1997.

Head Teachers’ Project Assessment and Learner Mathematics Achievement in Public Primary Schools in Kisumu County, Kenya

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The study investigated the influence of head teachers’ project assessment on learner achievement in Mathematics in public primary schools in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following hypothesis H01: There is no significant relationship between head teacher project assessment and learner Mathematics achievement in public primary schools in Kisumu County, Kenya. The literature review focused on the appropriate objectives, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework. The theoretical framework was based on Constructivist Learning Theory developed by Jean Piaget in 1936 and further expanded by Lev Vygotsky in 1978, which posits that learners actively construct their knowledge through interaction with their environment and engagement in meaningful tasks. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The target population for the study was 127 public primary Schools in Kisumu County, 675 head teachers, and 760 teachers of grades three and four in public primary schools in Kisumu County, 1 Sub County QASO, and 7 CSOs. Proportionate sampling was applied to 103 schools, stratified sampling to 103 principals, census sampling to 1QASO and 7 CSOs, and simple random sampling to 78 teachers. Interview schedules for Principals, QASO, and CSO, as well as questionnaires for teachers, were used as instruments for data collection. After data cleaning, the data were coded and entered into the computer for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics were analyzed using the Chi-square test for all objectives. Qualitative data were processed by transcribing and categorizing from interviews and open-ended questions, using content analysis and reported as narratives, verbatim, or converted to frequency tables.  The findings showed that the hypothesis was rejected. On the head teacher project assessment and learner Mathematics Achievement Chi square (df=6, Pearson Chi square(χ2) =62.747 and p=0.000 at 0.05 level of significance. This showed that there was a significant relationship between the head teacher’s project assessment and learner Mathematics Achievement. The study concluded that the head teacher’s project assessment influenced learner Mathematics Achievement. It is then recommended that: Head teachers should engage and involve parents and community members in supporting mathematics projects, such as providing real-world contexts or resources for learners’ projects.

Pesticides Residues In, Vegetables and Fruits: A Review

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To feed the growing global population, it is essential to increase agricultural production. Due to health consciousness and prosperity, the consumption of fruits and vegetables, particularly in developing countries, has increased manifold in the last 50 years. To achieve these, the use of pesticides is one of the tools. Pesticides are also used for public health protection (to protect from vector-borne diseases). About 1000 compounds (organic and inorganic) are used as active ingredients of pesticides. Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides are not only highly toxic but persist for decades. Those organochlorine pesticides which were banned 40 years ago are still found in vegetables and fruits. The pesticides from soil and water are accumulated in fruits and vegetables, and some of the vegetables are often consumed raw. Consumption of pesticide-contaminated fruits and vegetables by humans causes adverse health effects to humans. The short-term adverse effects on humans are asthma, sore throat, eye and skin irritation, and diarrhea, while long-term effects are cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive problems, diabetes, etc. This review aims to report the concentration of the commonly used pesticides in fruits and vegetables and their impact on humans. The present study will provide data for policymakers to formulate guidelines for the reduction of health risks to humans caused by the consumption of pesticide-contaminated fruits and vegetables.