Effect of Terminalia Arjuna Bark Extract on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the antihyperglycemic property of Terminalia arjuna in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic model rats. To evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant role of ethanol extract of Terminalia arjuna leaf in rats. Hyperglycemia was induced in rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 120mg/kg body weight). Three days after STZ induction, the hyperglycemic rats were treated with a dilution of bark extract of T. arjuna orally at the dose of 1 ml and 2 ml daily for 15 days. The level of blood glucose before meals were measured on every fifth day during the 15-day treatment. Ethanol extract of T. arjuna dose-dependently reduced and normalized blood glucose levels. T.arjuna treatment also significantly increases protein levels. The present study shows that T. arjuna leaf shows remarkable reduction in blood glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The T. arjuna has an effect in physiological and biochemical processes in rats.

Risk Factor and Clinical Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID -19) Patients in TAK Province, Thailand

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Objective: To describe the association of clinical characteristics, clinical progression, and outcome of COVID-19 patients in TAK province, Thailand
Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 in Tak province, Thailand from June 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021.
Results: The statistical analysis was done on the records of 15,442 patients who underwent RT-PCR of SARS-CoV-2 detection at Tak province during the fourth wave of the outbreak. 53.9% of patients were diagnosed asymptomatic. The overall mortality rate among patients with COVID-19 in this study was 1.81%. Patients with ages over 60 years was associated with increased risk of pneumonia (aOR 5.16, 95% CI 4.52-5.89; P < 0.001) and death (aOR 22.09, 95% CI 12.66-38.53, P < 0.001). Myanmar were also significantly associated with pneumonia (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.00-1.33, P < 0.001) and death (aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.44-2.78, P < 0.001). Chronic Kidney Disease (aOR 3.84, 95% CI 2.31-6.38, P < 0.001) and dyspnea (aOR 4.54, 95% CI 3.27-6.31, P < 0.001) were associated with increased odds of death as well as the presence of more than one comorbidity (aOR 2.87, 95% CI 1.99-4.14, P < 0.001). The previous receipt of vaccination regardless of partially (aOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0 .27; P < 0.001) or fully vaccination (aOR 0.08, 95% CI 0.03-0.19; P < 0.001) was associated with lower odds of mortality. Conclusions: Determining high-risk COVID-19 infected patients can help in the design of appropriate measures and proper management strategies. Ongoing mass vaccination efforts is still an absolutely priority for Thai and non-Thai citizens as a human right to health.

Moral Characters Represented in the Students’ Turn-Taking of Conversation

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In every good interaction, there is always a change of roles between the speaker and the listener. Research on turn-taking in student conversations is interesting to do because of the diversity of regional origins and languages used by the students. This results in the emergence of distinctive patterns in the conversations among students. Through the turn-taking patterns, the characters of the speech participants can be known. This study uses a qualitative approach with data in the form of speech utterances delivered by students, which provide information of their character representation. The data collection technique used is the note-taking technique. The results obtained are the characters of social care, sharing, honesty, helping, cooperative, ethical, and working together.

Average Correction of Cobb’s Angle in Congenital Scoliosis Using Growing Rode as a Mode of Correction

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Introduction: Scoliosis with rotational imbalance is mainly characterized by the vertebral rotation related to the curve in the coronal plan.
Aims and objectives: The basic aim of the study is to assess the average correction of Cobb’s angle in congenital scoliosis using growing rode as a mode of correction.
Material and methods: This descriptive study was conducted in DHQ hospital Sargodha during 2019 to 2021 for the period of two years. The data was collected with the permission of ethical committee of hospital. The data was collected from 12 patients from age range 4-12 years. Among that 12 patients there were 7 male and 5 female patients. We carried out a convenience sampling, including all scoliosis patients who received surgical treatment with elongating rods in the period studied, and excluded all patients diagnosed with syndromic scoliosis, and with incomplete records in their clinical history.
Results: There were 12 patients of scoliosis under 10 were reviewed. Of these, 35 (5%) required surgical treatment with growing rods and met the selection criteria. The presurgical and postsurgical radiographic change showed a 47.7% reduction in the Cobb angle (31.8° ± 14.6° difference), which was statistically significant (p<0.001; t-student). During the study period, 8 patients showed some procedure-related complication; another 2 patients (22.9%) showed instrumentation failures, and 2 cases (5.7%) showed infection in the operated area which, it should be noted, was associated with instrumentation failure. Univariate analysis was performed to define which variables could be potential predictor factors of complications in our patient sample. Conclusion: Treatment of scoliosis in patients under age 10 with growing rods has achieved a significant reduction in the magnitude of the deformity before final bone fusion.

Clinical and Biochemical Aspects of the Development of Chronic Viral Hepatitis with A Comorbid Course of Chronic Glomerulonephritis

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In viral hepatitis, secondary glomerular lesions are slow, but in one third of patients, this process develops steadily and manifests itself as a nephrotic syndrome, worsening the patient’s condition with the manifestation of renal failure. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical and biochemical aspects of damage to the functional state of the kidneys in chronic viral Hepatitis B and C. The study involved 198 patients with positive HBV and HCV serological markers and clinical and laboratory syndromes of kidney damage.

Haematological Parameters and Oxidative Stress in Malarial Patients

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Introduction: Malaria has been in existence for so long and is responsible for worrisome health and economic impact in different parts of the world.
Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the haematological parameters and oxidative stress in malarial patients. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in THQ Hospital Fort Abbas Bhawalngar during 2020 to 2021. The data was collected from 200 male and female patients. Participants remembered for the review were under-5-year-old youngsters, either conceded in the kids’ ward or going to any center on short term premise.
Results: The information was gathered from 200 malarial patients. There was a genuinely huge decrease in hemoglobin (p<0.005), platelet count (p<0.001) and all out leukocyte count (p<0.001) levels in patients with malaria contrasted with patients without the sickness. The level of neutrophils in the subjects with malaria was fundamentally higher (p<0.005) than in the non-malaria bunch. Conclusion: It is inferred that Low platelet count is a trademark finding of malarial contamination and thrombocytopenia might be more normal than weakness in intense malaria disease.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) Total Antioxidant Capacity and Vitamin E Levels in Preterm and Term Infants

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Introduction: Oxygen radical injury is thought to be one of the common mechanisms for several diseases in premature infants. Lipid peroxidation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of many neonatal complications. Broncho pulmonary dysplasia, Intraventricular hemorrhage and Retinopathy of Prematurity are due to excessive production of oxygen free radicals.
Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity and Vitamin E levels in preterm and term infants.
Material and methods: We aimed to determine the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total antioxidant capacity and vitamin E in cord blood of term and preterm infants. To determine the oxidative stress and antioxidants in cord blood of term and preterm infants that may have clinical implications. In the present study we determine MDA, Total antioxidant capacity and vitamin E levels in the umbilical cord blood of term (n=50) and preterm (n=50) infants by manual method. Blood samples were collected during delivery. MDA is high in preterm infants compared to term infants.
Results: Total antioxidant capacity and Vitamin E levels are high in term infants compared to preterm infants. Therefore it is possible to postulate that preterm infants are more susceptible to oxidative stress than term infants.
Conclusion: It is concluded that Preterm neonates are exposed to increased oxidant stress at birth and are susceptible to anti-oxidant deficiencies.

The Essence of Economic Tasks in the Implementation of Economic Relations of the Family

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In this article, the authors focused on the analysis of the economic function of the family, which are the priority areas of today’s economic reforms, the causes of income in the family, the main features of the family and household, the composition of their functions , as well as the concept of economic relations of family students.

Effect of Lesson Study Continuous Professional Development on Mathematics Teachers’ Pedagogical Competence and Perceptions of Changes in Their Classroom Practices

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lesson study on mathematics teachers’ pedagogical competence and find out teachers’ perception of the impact of lesson study activities on their teaching. In all,7 mathematics teachers were involved in the study. Questionnaire, observations of classroom teaching and Lesson Study meetings as well as reflective writings were the instrument used for data collection. The items in the questionnaire were analyzed using statistical tools such as percentages, mean and standard deviation from Excel 2016 Analysis Tools. The descriptive statistics indicated that there was a significant difference between Lesson Study cycles. The questionnaire given to the teacher participants to elicit their response on the perceptions of mathematics teachers towards the impact of Lesson study activities revealed a positive response. Based on the findings of the study, for this group of mathematics teachers, Lesson Study has effectively enhanced their pedagogical competence and promoted professional development.

A Facile Three-Steps, One-Pot Synthesis of Novel 2-Alkylamino and 2-Dialkylamino-4H-Pyrido[1,2-A][1,3,5] Triazin-4-Ones from 2-Aminopyridine and 2-Aminopicolines

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A straightforward approach to novel 2-dialkylamino-4H-pyrido[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-ones synthesis is presented. The construction of these compounds was achieved by one-pot synthesis involving condensation of 2-aminopyridine or 2-aminopicolines with ethoxycarbonylisothiocianate, followed by amination of the thioureas, and finally thermal ring closure of resulting guanidines. This allowed access to the unreported title heterocycles. We described an efficient, facile, one-pot synthesis of a novel 2-dialkylamino-4H-pyrido[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-ones in order to obtain a library of pyridotriazines which will be used as building blocks in medicinal chemistry.