Pharmacological Review on Purification of Visha Dravyas (Poisonous Plants) According to Ayurveda

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Visha possess properties of Vyavayi(Pervading or diffusing action), Vikasi(Dispersed through out the body causes destruction of Ojas and Dhatu Kshaya or depletion of the body tissues, Ushna(Heat), Teekshna(Penetrating), Ruksha(Dry), Sukshma(Minuteness), Ashukar(Quick or immediate action), Vishada(Clearness), Laghu(Light), Avyakta Ras(Taste sometimes palatable and sometimes not palatable or the taste is hidden) and Apaki(Not digestible). It distributes in the whole body immediately first and later undergoes digestion. Hence causes the vitiation of Dosha(Vata–Pitta–Kapha) and Dhatu(Rasa–Rakta–Mamsa–Meda–Asthi–Majja–Shukra) and produces the poisonous effects. The drugs which act against and subside poisonous effects on the vitiated Dosha(Vata–Pitta–Kapha) and Dhatus viz; Rasa(Plasma), Rakta(Blood), Mamsa(Muscle tissue), Meda(Fat), Asthi(Bones), Majja(Bone marrow), Shukra(Semen) are called as Vishaghna Dravyas. Visha has been defined as a substance which is destructive or life threatening and causes Shoka(Sadness). There are many poisonous drugs described in Ayurvedic classics along with their antidotes and their pharmacological actions after purification. Poisonous plants may be categorized under the chemical structure of the toxic constituents, their phylogenetic relationship viz; plants that are poisonous to eat, plants that are poisonous upon contact, plants that produce photo sensitization, and plants that produce airborne allergies conditions in the body. The phytotoxins, comprise a vast range of biologically active chemical substances, such as alkaloids, polypeptides, amines, glycosides, oxalates, resins, toxalbumins. The present review describes the different process of detoxification or purification methods (Sodhana) in Ayurvedic system of medicines. So here an attempt is made to screen the Visha Dravyas(Poisonous plants) and their purification methods in various media along with their Rasa, Guna, Veerya and Vipaka, Prabhava from the various Ayurvedic classical texts along with their pharmacological actions.

A Picture of People’s Behavior and Economy during the Covid-19 Pandemic

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The group of people most vulnerable to the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is the people with income generated from daily income. In addition, the positive impact of this pandemic is an opportunity for Indonesia to be able to strengthen the domestic economy because the government will prioritize and strengthen purchasing power in the country only so that investment remains stable.  Therefore, this research aims to find out the picture of people’s behavior and economy during the Covid-19 pandemic.  The method used in this article is the study of literature, where a study whose research object is in the form of literature works, whether in the form of scientific journals, books, articles, or statistical data that have existed before. The nature of this article is descriptive analysis, where researchers provide education and understanding to readers.  The spread of the Covid-19 virus has an impact both directly and indirectly on the community and certainly pays enough attention to the government. As for the impact arising from the Covid-19 pandemic on people’s behavior and economy, namely social restrictions, people are required to wash their hands often, wear masks, people’s incomes are decreasing, many economic activities are closed, the economy of the community and the region decreases, the market price of produce decreases, and basic needs are increasingly soaring from normal prices.

Review of Artificial Intelligence: A Driver of Unemployment or Navigation towards a Prospective Future?

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Artificial intelligence has swiftly penetrated our lives that eased our way of life. With its massive utility in healthcare, education and other commercial sectors, AI has evolved as a boon to the world. Nevertheless, atomisation has resulted in large-scale job loss, retrenchment and unemployment, substituting human labour, resulting in controversies about the significance of advanced technological progressions. This study argues about the extent to which AI has led to unemployment changing the macroeconomics versus the new job opportunities opened by AI and other technological developments, augmenting productivity level and improving quality of service delivered.

The Effect of Brand Image, E-Service Quality, and Customer Value on Decisions to Use Traveloka in Semarang

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Traveloka’s existence in Indonesia makes it one of the major online travel agents that are in demand by the Indonesian people to fulfill their travel needs. However, in the last few years there has been a tendency to decrease in sales as indicated by data on the decrease in the percentage of sales in 2016-2020. This study aims to determine the effect of brand image, e-service quality, and customer value on purchasing decisions at Traveloka online travel agents. This type of research is explanatory research with sampling using non-probability sampling technique. Data collection is done by using google form. The sample used is 100 respondents who have used purchases at Traveloka online travel agents in Semarang City. This research uses validity test, reliability test, relation coefficient, coefficient of determination, simple regression, multiple regression, t-test significance, and f-test supported by SPSS. The results obtained in this study are brand image, e- service quality, and customer value, which individually or collectively affect purchasing decisions at Traveloka online travel agents. Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, the researchers suggest Traveloka to improve the platform design, optimize services for Traveloka users’ complaints and provide a fast and personalized response. Companies are advised to provide training, direction, and attention to customer service in order to provide the best service. In addition, it is recommended to improve service quality intensively so that the benefits (results) obtained by buyers/users are in accordance with the effort and costs incurred, evaluate customer experience, and optimize the recommendation feature.

The Study of Teenage Stress of Pet Owners and Non-Pet Owners during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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In December 2019, the new coronavirus outbreak forced many countries to quarantine in their own homes. It can cause a lot of stress. For example, the increasing number of infected people makes us anxious. This leads people to find ways to relieve stress. In this research, we analyzed whether raising animals could really help reduce stress. We collected information from pet owners and non-pet owners who are between 13 and 19 years old using an online questionnaire. Survey samples were selected through a volunteer sampling method with a total of 120 responses. We analyzed data using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results of the analysis showed different outcomes for stress in the teenage pet owners and non-pet owners during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there was no different outcome in the aspect of attitudes toward pets between pet and non-pet owners. Our results revealed that the stress of non-pet owners was higher than the pet owners. Therefore, people who keep pets experience less stress from quarantine during the coronavirus outbreak than those who do not keep pets during quarantine. Our analysis revealed that the attitude toward pets of pet owners and the attitude toward pets of non-pet owners were very similar and still above the mean attitude toward pets of pet owners and non-pet owners are both at a good level.

A Study of Trust Base Voluntary Tax Compliance through Tax Administration Digital Transformation in Indonesia

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Over the last decade, Indonesian Tax Authority, DGT (Directorate General of Taxes) has introduced digital transformations on tax administration as a part of Tax Reform in Indonesia. These practices were done to improve taxpayer trust and tax compliance. The objective of this study is to look into the relationship between tax administrations’ digital transformation on trust, as well as taxpayers’ tax compliance decisions. We emphasized on Indonesian taxpayers’ perceptions of fairness and voluntary tax compliance following the digital transformation of tax administrations. An online questionnaire was distributed as part of this study’s survey approach. To collect samples from all throughout Indonesia, the online survey used a Google form. Indonesian taxpayers were used as the study’s population. A simple random sample strategy was used in this study. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was utilized to examine the collected data. The result was that tax administration’s digital transformation has a positive impact on voluntary tax compliance.

A Self-Learning Object Detection Method Based on Highly Reliable Sample Mining

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Visual object detection is an artificial intelligence technique that locates specific objects from images, which is of great significance for practical applications. However, training general object detection models require many manually annotated images, bringing more labour and time cost. In order to improve the adaptability of the object detection model to the data environment changes, this paper proposes a self-learning object detection system based on high-reliability sample mining. We first train a SampleNet that can better mine reliable training samples from unlabeled data. We then use the combination of SampleNet and the basic object detection model to build a complementary residual training framework, continuously improving the sample mining ability and object detection tasks during the training process. The experimental results show that SampleNet can stably provide reliable pseudo samples for model training, and the complementary residual training framework improves the performance of basic object detection tasks.

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: A Systematic Review

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Subarachnoid haemorrhage arises from the accumulation of blood between the arachnoid and pia mater resulting from an aneurysmal rupture or traumatic head injury. Subarachnoid haemorrhage is a life-threatening emergency that requires prompt treatment. The characteristic presenting symptom is the thunderclap headache, which patients may describe as the “worst headache of life” and may prompt further imaging. Associated symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diplopia. Often signs of meningismus are present due to the presence of blood in the fourth ventricle and further down the spinal cord, causing neck and back pain. Findings of focal deficit increase the grade of subarachnoid haemorrhage and patients with a high-grade subarachnoid haemorrhage report to the Emergency room in a state of coma requiring evaluation and urgent treatment, as the coma can be reversible. Sometimes concurrent intraocular haemorrhage, known as Terson syndrome may be present warranting an ophthalmology service. Eighty per cent of patients that develop Terson syndrome require regular follow-up visits but may not require further intervention. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).

Farmer’s Cooperatives with Farmers’ Economic Morals in Realizing Food Security

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Farmers, as rural producers, produce agricultural products for the necessities of life while fulfilling economic needs. Farmers in Sukoharjo, Indonesia, have formed farmer groups, but these farmer groups are not managed mechanically. Therefore, it is necessary to think of a business entity that supports the agricultural production process of harvest and sale to support the improvement of farmers’ lives. The ideal business entity for farmers is a Cooperative business entity with a cooperation system; this resembles the local community’s culture or wisdom. A Cooperative is an association or organization consisting of people or entities that provide freedom of entry and exit as existing members. The regulation of Cooperatives in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution states that the economy is structured as a joint business based on the principle of kinship, which in carrying out business activities must be in accordance with the type of cooperative based on the similarity of activities and economic interests of its members. Gaining success in agricultural production and improving farmers’ standard of living is part of the Food Security system, in which people’s needs for food can be met in abundance.

The Efficiency of Capsaicin in Chilli on Antibacterial Activity of Salmonella

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This research aimed to study the extraction of capsaicin from Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens fruits by the reflux extraction method and its ability to inhibit the growth of salmonella bacteria. 

Material and method: Capsaicin from Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens fruits were extracted by reflux method using acetone as a solvent. Then, the acetone was separated from the extracts by a rotary evaporator, taken the extracts for measure the absorbance and tested for inhibiting the growth of Salmonella bacteria. Each group of 3 samples were prepared. The control group is a 100µL solution containing Salmonella at a concentration of 1:1000, mixed with 900 µL of saline. Experimental groups were the plates mixed with Salmonella and the extracts. All plates were incubated for 24 hours at 35.5 °C. and counted bacterial colonies as the number of bacteria colonies forming units (CFUs).  

Results: Revealed the light absorbance of the extracts from the Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens was in the same range as the absorbance of pure capsaicin. To test the ability to inhibit the growth of Salmonella bacteria, the average number of Salmonella colonies was 134 CFUs in the control group, and the experimental groups with the capsaicin from both chilli peppers did not find the number of Salmonella colonies. 

Conclusion: The extracts of Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens fruits had capsaicin. The substances obtained from the extracts of both peppers were able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella with no difference in effectiveness.