Thermodynamic and Transport Excess Properties of Ethyl Benzoate + 2-Methyl-2-Propanol Binary Mixtures At (303.15–318.15) K

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Excess thermodynamic and transport properties of binary liquid mixtures composed of ethyl benzoate (X₁) and 2-methyl-2-propanol (X₂) were measured over the entire composition range at four temperatures: 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Experimental properties including excess molar volume (Vᵉ), excess isentropic compressibility (Δβₐd), viscosity deviations (Δη), excess free length (Lᵉ), excess surface tension (πᵉ), excess acoustic impedance (Zᵉ), excess enthalpy (Hᵉ), excess Gibbs free energy (Gᵉ), and ultrasonic velocity (U) were systematically evaluated. The results indicate consistently negative Vᵉ, Δβₐd, and Δη values across all compositions and temperatures, with magnitudes that reach minima near equimolar composition, suggesting strong specific interactions between unlike molecules, especially dipole–dipole and hydrogen bonding effects. Temperature rise generally reduces the magnitude of excess properties, indicative of diminished molecular interactions and structural organization at elevated thermal energy. All excess functions were correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation, demonstrating excellent fit quality and enabling estimation of binary interaction parameters. The observed trends in excess enthalpy and Gibbs free energy reveal significant non-ideal behavior, likely due to disruption of self-association in 2-methyl-2-propanol clusters upon mixing with aromatic ester molecules. Comparisons with literature reveal qualitative agreement with related binary systems involving esters and alcohols, confirming the reliability of the measured data. Overall, this study provides comprehensive thermodynamic insights into molecular interactions in ester-alcohol mixtures, supporting improved modeling of solution behavior relevant to industrial and formulation applications.

Association Between Screen Time Duration and the Incidence of Dry Eye Syndrome Among Educational Staff at Nusa Cendana University

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Background: The rising intensity of digital device use in daily activities contributes to prolonged screen time, which may disrupt tear film stability through reduced blink frequency and increased evaporation. Educational staff represent a high-risk group due to the sedentary nature of their work and prolonged screen exposure in air-conditioned environments that can exacerbate ocular surface disturbances.

Objective: To assess the association between screen time duration and the occurrence of Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) among educational staff at the University of Nusa Cendana.

Methods: This analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted from September to October 2025. A total of 54 respondents were selected using cluster random sampling. Screen time duration was measured using the Screen Time Questionnaire (STQ), while DES symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman Rank test.

Results: Most respondents reported a moderate level of screen time exposure (46.3%) and normal ocular status based on OSDI (50%). However, 24.1% of respondents were identified as having severe DES. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation of moderate strength between screen time duration and DES severity (p = 0.003; r = 0.400). Respondents with high and very high screen time exposure tended to exhibit more severe symptomatic manifestations.

Conclusion: Screen time duration is significantly associated with the severity of Dry Eye Syndrome among educational staff. Interventions such as scheduled visual breaks and ergonomic adjustments in the workplace are recommended to reduce the risk of ocular surface disorders.

Development of Interactive Lift-The-Flap-Book Media Based on Deep Learning Principles to Enhance Elementary Students’ Reading Comprehension

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This study aimed to develop and examine the validity and effectiveness of a Lift-The-Flap-Book learning medium based on deep learning principles to improve elementary school students’ reading comprehension skills in historical narrative texts. The study was motivated by students’ difficulties in understanding abstract historical texts due to the dominant use of conventional textbooks and teacher-centered learning methods. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D development model, consisting of define, design, develop, and disseminate stages. The subjects were upper-grade elementary students at SD Negeri Gucialit 02, Lumajang Regency. Data were collected through expert validation sheets, reading comprehension tests (pretest and posttest), questionnaires, observations, and interviews. The results indicated that the developed media was highly valid, with validation scores of 98% from media experts, 96% from language experts, and 95% from content experts. The effectiveness test showed a significant improvement in students’ reading comprehension skills, as reflected by N-Gain scores of 0.78 in the small-group trial and 0.77 in the large-group trial, both categorized as high. Therefore, the Lift-The-Flap-Book based on deep learning principles is valid, effective, and feasible for enhancing elementary students’ reading comprehension skills.

Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Neurological Complications: Review

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Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the chronic metabolic diseases with a prevalence that continues to increase globally. This disorder not only affects glucose metabolism but also causes multisystem complications, including neurological complications such as peripheral neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment.

Objective: This study aims to comprehensively analyze the latest empirical evidence regarding the relationship between type 2 diabetes (DMT2) and the risk of neurological complications.

Methods: This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following the PRISMA method.

Results: The findings indicate that DMT2 patients have a higher risk of developing neurological complications, both peripheral and central. Certain antidiabetic medications, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, show protective effects in reducing the risk of dementia and neurodegeneration. Additionally, factors such as disease duration, age at diagnosis, and genetic status (e.g., APOE ε4) also contribute to variations in risk levels. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as regular physical activity and good metabolic control, have also been shown to improve cognitive function and slow the progression of neuropathy.

Conclusion: Based on the study results, DMT2 significantly increases the risk of neurological complications through mechanisms of inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance that affect nerve tissues. Pharmacological interventions with modern agents such as GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors show protective prospects against neurodegeneration.

The Effectiveness of Macroprudential Policy in Developing Countries: A Systematic Literature Review of Its Impact on the Stability and Strategic Performance of the Banking Sector

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This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of macroprudential policies in enhancing stability and strategic performance in the banking sectors of developing countries through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The primary focus is to assess the extent to which various policy instruments—such as the Loan-to-Value (LTV) ratio, Countercyclical Capital Buffer (CCyB), and Reserve Requirements (RR)—contribute to mitigating systemic risk, reducing credit procyclicality, and influencing bank profitability and efficiency. Employing the PRISMA framework, the study analyzes 87 empirical studies sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost, published between 2010 and 2024. Thematic synthesis and bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer were conducted to synthesize the findings. The results indicate that macroprudential policies are generally effective in strengthening banking sector resilience to external shocks and curbing systemic risk accumulation, although their efficacy is highly contingent upon institutional capacity and policy coordination within individual countries. Furthermore, a trade-off emerges between systemic stability and operational efficiency: stringent macroprudential measures tend to dampen short-term profitability while enhancing long-term resilience. This research contributes to the literature on financial management and strategic banking by comprehensively integrating macroprudential and microprudential dimensions and offering policy recommendations tailored to the institutional and economic contexts of developing economies.

A Gamified Mobile Health Framework for Pediatric Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence

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Tuberculosis (TB) treatment in children requires long-term adherence to anti-tuberculosis drug therapy (OTD), which often leads to boredom and refusal to take medication. Non-adherence to treatment can increase the risk of treatment failure, relapse, and drug resistance. This study proposes a mobile health-based gamification framework designed to improve treatment adherence in pediatric TB patients by integrating game elements into the therapy monitoring process. The gamification framework was developed using a user-centered approach by identifying factors influencing adherence through interviews with pediatric patients, medication supervisors (PMOs), and healthcare professionals. Aspects of medication adherence were mapped using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and classified into dimensions of behavior, motivation, knowledge, and memory. User characteristics were analyzed using the HEXAD gamification user types questionnaire to determine the dominant user type. The analysis showed that the dominant user type in pediatric TB patients was the player type, followed by the socializer type and the free spirit type. Based on these findings, a gamification framework was designed that includes points, rewards, challenges, reminders, and progress visualization mechanisms. Expert evaluation using the After-Scenario Questionnaire (ASQ) demonstrated high levels of satisfaction and confidence that the proposed framework has the potential to improve treatment adherence. This study demonstrates that mobile health-based gamification design has strong potential as a behavior change strategy to support long-term pediatric TB treatment.

Mapping the Landscape of Qualitative Analysis: Thematic Analysis, Colaizzi’s and Giorgi Models

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Qualitative research offers rich means for exploring human experience, meaning, and interpretation. A central step in qualitative inquiry is data analysis—turning interviews, texts, or observations into interpreted findings. Over the decades, scholars have proposed multiple structured models to guide the analytic process.

This article reviews and compares several influential qualitative data analysis models: general thematic analysis (and its variants), the Braun & Clarke reflexive thematic analysis, descriptive phenomenological methods of Giorgi and Colaizzi (and variants), and related phenomenological approaches (e.g. van Kaam, Moustakas). For each method, description of its philosophical underpinnings, procedural steps, strengths/limitations, and illustrate by citing published empirical applications.

Relationship between Screen Time Duration and Sleep Quality in Children Aged 2–5 Years in Kupang

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Background: The use of digital devices (gadgets) among young children continues to increase. Recent data show that approximately 39.71% of young children in Indonesia use mobile phones. Excessive screen exposure (screen time) can suppress melatonin production by up to 99% and reduce sleep duration. In Indonesia, the prevalence of sleep disturbances among preschool children reaches 44.2%; however, research on the relationship between screen time and sleep quality in East Nusa Tenggara remains very limited.

Methods: This study employed a correlational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 70 children aged 2–5 years from the service areas of Sikumana Primary Health Center and Tarus Primary Health Center were selected using consecutive sampling. The study instruments included a screen time duration questionnaire and the Indonesian version of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test.

Results: In total, 52.9% of children had normal screen time duration (≤60 minutes/day) and 47.1% had excessive screen time (>60 minutes/day). Most participants (68.6%) had poor sleep quality based on CSHQ scores. Bivariate analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association between screen time duration and sleep quality among children aged 2–5 years (p = 0.001).

Conclusion: There is an association between screen time duration and sleep quality; excessive digital media use is related to poorer sleep quality in toddlers. Parents are advised to limit children’s screen time according to recommendations to maintain healthy sleep.

Model of the Philosophy and Civic Education Teacher as an Instructor in the “School of the Future”

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The article examines a model of the Philosophy and Civic Education (PCE) teacher in the context of the “School of the Future.” The focus is on the transformation of the teacher’s professional role from a traditional instructor to a leader, mentor, and learning facilitator. The study analyzes the key personal and professional qualities required to deliver curriculum content aimed at fostering critical thinking, moral reflection, and civic responsibility. The proposed model integrates interactive teaching methods and the use of digital technologies as tools to enhance student engagement and active participation. The findings highlight the significance of the PCE teacher as a central factor in developing conscious and active citizens in contemporary society.

 

Charting the Evolution of Sin Tax Research: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Review

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Sin taxes—selektif excise levies on goods like alcohol, tobacco and sugar‑sweetened beverages—are used to internalize negative externalities and self‑control problems. This bibliometric review analyzes 55 Scopus‑indexed publications from 1997–2024 identified through a systematic search for “sin tax” and “sin taxes” up to 26 December 2025 and filtered for scholarly, English‑language economics and finance works. Publication output grew from sporadic early contributions to a surge starting in 2013 and peaking at eleven papers in 2022. Authorship is dispersed (138 unique authors, only four with multiple papers), and output is geographically concentrated, with the United States producing nearly half of publications and Finland, Italy and the United Kingdom contributing smaller shares. Keyword clustering highlights themes around optimal tax design, consumption behaviour, obesity, pass‑through and paternalism, reflecting intersections between public finance, behavioural economics and health policy. The field is expanding but remains geographically skewed, signalling the need for more research in developing countries, greater interdisciplinary collaboration and deeper exploration of new sin goods and long‑term health and fiscal effects.