Theoretical Issues in Developing Scientific Research Competence in Higher Education

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In the context of higher education reforms oriented toward competency development and the strengthening of research elements in academic training, developing scientific research competence among students has become an urgent requirement. Engagement in scientific research activities enables students to cultivate scientific thinking, self-directed learning abilities, and creativity. This paper analyzes fundamental theoretical issues related to the development of scientific research competence for students in higher education. Based on a synthesis of domestic and international studies, the article clarifies key theoretical aspects, including the definition and structure of scientific research competence, major theoretical approaches to competence development, and factors influencing the formation and enhancement of students’ scientific research competence. The findings contribute to theoretical foundations for guiding instructional design and building academic environments that promote research-oriented thinking in contemporary higher education.

Analysis of Harmonic Improvement in the Computer Laboratory of Samarinda State Polytechnic with the Addition of a Static VAR Compensator

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An electrical system is said to have a high level of reliability if it is capable of supplying electrical energy continuously and in accordance with user needs. The quality of electrical power can be disrupted by the use of non-linear loads, such as computer devices, electronic devices, and energy-saving lamps. Harmonic problems in power quality arise due to the interaction between the sinusoidal waves of the system and the characteristics of non-linear loads, such as those found in the Computer Laboratory of the Samarinda State Polytechnic, which results in high harmonic current values. To determine the actual conditions, electrical parameters were measured. The results of the measurements showed a total current harmonic distortion value of 33.65% in phase R, 15.85% in phase S, and 92.99% in phase T. The individual current harmonic distortion in phase R decreased from 28.39% to 4.53%, to 3.76% in phase S, and to 2.63% in phase T on Thursday at 15:00 WITA. To overcome this, the use of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) is proposed as a solution to reduce the level of harmonics in the electrical system at the Computer Laboratory of the Samarinda State Polytechnic. The simulation was conducted using Matlab R2023a software through the Simulink feature. The results obtained show that the Static Var Compensator can reduce harmonics well, as seen from the harmonic values on Thursday, where before the Static Var Compensator was installed, the harmonics in phase R were 9.81%, phase S were 10.98%, and phase T were 9%.

Policy Analysis of Public and Private Elementary Schools Through the Cippo Evaluation Model: A Case Study in Wajo Regency, Indonesia

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This study aims to analyze educational policies implemented in public and private elementary schools UPTD SD Negeri 223 Kampiri and UPTD SD As’adiyah 2 Kampiri

using the CIPPO evaluation model (Context, Input, Process, Product, and Outcome). The CIPPO framework provides a comprehensive tool to assess policy effectiveness from planning and resource allocation to program implementation and long-term educational outcomes. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach through document analysis, interviews, and literature review, the study reveals that public schools tend to align with centralized government regulations and standardized funding mechanisms, while private schools demonstrate greater flexibility in curriculum innovation and institutional management. However, both face similar challenges in maintaining teacher quality and ensuring adequate facilities. Findings indicate that policy effectiveness is less dependent on school status than on consistent implementation, professional competence, and leadership capacity. The study highlights the need for stronger affirmative support for private schools, continued pedagogical innovation in public institutions, and collaborative governance between government, schools, and communities to ensure equitable and high-quality education.

The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Perceived Organizational Support on Innovative Work Behaviour Mediated by Work Engagement among Civil Servants at PPSDM Regional Yogyakarta

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The low level of innovative work behaviour at PPSDM Regional Yogyakarta is reflected in the institution’s 2024 accreditation result, which was rated at the one-star category, as well as the limited contribution of new ideas from employees. This condition highlights the importance of understanding internal organizational factors that can foster IWB, particularly the roles of transformational leadership, organizational support, and work engagement. This study aims to analyze the effects of transformational leadership and perceived organizational support on innovative work behaviour and to examine the mediating role of work engagement among civil servants at PPSDM Regional Yogyakarta. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey method, involving 108 civil servants. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that transformational leadership and perceived organizational support directly influence IWB. Both variables also have a positive and significant effect on work engagement. Furthermore, work engagement was found to have a positive and significant impact on IWB. Work engagement also significantly mediates the effects of transformational leadership and perceived organizational support on IWB. These results emphasize that work engagement serves as a key mechanism linking leadership and organizational support to employees’ innovative behaviour. Enhancing employees’ IWB cannot be achieved solely through transformational leadership or organizational support; instead, strengthening work engagement as a central mediator is essential. Organizations need to foster employee involvement by improving support, appreciation, and the consistency of policies to build a sustainable innovation culture in the workplace.

Analysis of OCR and GFR Coordination on the 20 kV Cubicle at Mosad Office Tower Samarinda

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The distribution system is a component of the electric power system responsible for delivering electricity from the transmission network to consumers. This system generally utilizes medium voltage levels, which are more susceptible to faults compared to transmission systems. To mitigate disturbances in the distribution network, protection equipment is employed. Commonly used protection devices include the Overcurrent Relay (OCR) and the Ground Fault Relay (GFR). Coordination between the OCR and GFR is essential to ensure the protection system functions optimally, possesses adequate selectivity and sensitivity, and maintains the continuity of electricity supply. This paper discusses the coordination settings of the overcurrent and ground fault relays. Simulations were conducted using ETAP 19.0.1 software based on field data. Calculation results on the feeder indicate an OCR grading time of 0.489 seconds, whereas the field data shows 0.4 seconds. For the GFR, the grading time on the feeder is 0.297 seconds, compared to 0.4 seconds from the field data. These values indicate that the protection coordination within this system can be considered ideal.

Study of Pump Driving Motors at PERUMDA Tirta Taman in Bontang City

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 A pump driving motor is an electric motor utilized to operate water pumps. At PERUMDA Tirta Taman, Bontang City, six motors and three pumps are employed, where the submersible pump motor functions to extract raw water from wells, the feed pump transfers water to the clarifier tank, the dosing pump supplies chemical reagents, the backwash pump and root blower are used for cleaning the filtration tank, and the distribution pump delivers treated water to consumers.

Field measurements show that the main protection for the submersible pump motor is a 160 A MCCB, whereas the calculated rating is 290 A. The main protection for the feed pump and backwash pump (1 and 2) in the field uses a 100 A MCCB, while calculations show 73.5 A and 72.5 A. The dosing pump motor uses a 6 A MCB in the field, with a calculated value of 3.6 A. The root blower motor utilizes a 20 A MCB in the field, while its calculated rating is 30.75 A. The distribution pumps (1 and 2) use a 125 A MCCB, whereas the calculated protection rating is 202.5 A.

For the conductor sizing, a 4 × 35 mm² NYY cable is installed for the submersible motor, while its calculated ampacity is 145 A. The dosing motor uses a 3 × 2.5 mm² NYY cable with a calculated capacity of 1.8 A. The feed pump and backwash pump use a 4 × 6 mm² NYY cable, with calculated ampacities of 36.75 A and 36.25 A, respectively. The root blower uses a 4 × 2.5 mm² NYY cable with a calculated rating of 15.37 A, and the distribution pump (1 and 2) uses a 4 × 25 mm² NYY cable with a calculated rating of 101.25 A.

Estimating The Number of Intelligent Extraterrestrial Civilizations: A Probabilistic Approach to the Drake Equation

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Astrobiology seeks to address some of humanity’s most profound questions: Are we alone in the Universe? and What are the conditions necessary for life to emerge? One of the key theoretical tools in this pursuit is the Drake Equation, formulated in 1961, which provides a probabilistic framework for estimating the number of intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way. In this paper, we revisit the Drake Equation using updated astronomical and biological data, along with simplified probabilistic assumptions. By applying current observational evidence of exoplanets, laboratory studies of prebiotic chemistry, and estimates of stellar and planetary habitability, we obtain a tentative value of ~72 civilizations capable of interstellar communication via radio astronomy. The result highlights the paradox first identified by Enrico Fermi -if intelligent life is so probable, why have we not yet detected it? We discuss possible resolutions to the Fermi Paradox, including distance, evolutionary differences, and the possibility of self-destruction. Finally, we outline future directions for astrobiology, observational astronomy, and SETI that may refine these estimates and potentially resolve one of the greatest scientific mysteries of our time.

Design of An Arduino Uno Based Definite Time Over Current Relay

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Over Current Relay (OCR) is a protection relay used to detect and cut off electric current when there is excess current (fault current). The definite time type OCR has constant trip time characteristics, regardless of the magnitude of the fault current. OCR is widely used in electric power systems to protect equipment from damage due to fault currents. This final report discusses the design of Arduino Uno-based definite time OCR with the use of PZEM sensor components, I2C LCD, relay module, and Arduino Uno. This system is designed to be able to measure the load current, display the current value on the LCD, and cut off the current when the load current exceeds the specified setting value.

Analysis of Financial Distress Prediction at PT Kharisma Dua Putri for 2020–2024

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This study aims to analyze the prediction of financial distress at PT Kharisma Dua Putri (KDP) for the 2020–2024 period using multiple bankruptcy prediction models, namely Altman Z-Score, Springate, Grover, Zmijewski, Taffler. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the company’s financial condition by comparing the predictive consistency among the models and identifying indicators of potential distress. A quantitative descriptive approach is employed using secondary data obtained from audited financial statements covering 2020 to 2024. The results of each model are compared to assess the firm’s financial health and risk of insolvency. The findings reveal variations in prediction outcomes, with several models indicating early signs of financial vulnerability, particularly during periods of declining profitability and liquidity. Overall, PT KDP experienced fluctuating financial performance that approached distress thresholds in certain years. The study highlights the importance of a multi-model analytical approach to enhance the accuracy of financial distress assessment and to provide early warning signals for managerial decision-making.

Changes In Cardiorespiratory Rate and Blood Pressure Under Local Anesthesia in Hypertensive and Normotensive Patients Undergoing Oral Surgery and Restorative Treatments: A Scoping Review

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Introduction: Dental procedures such as tooth extractions can increase blood pressure and heart rate, representing potential risks, particularly in patients with systemic diseases. These variations may be influenced by surgical technique, local anesthetic type, vasoconstrictor use, and comorbidities. Understanding these hemodynamic responses is essential for safe clinical management.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of oral surgery/tooth extraction under local anesthesia on blood pressure and heart rate in hypertensive and normotensive patients.

Methodology: A Scoping Review was performed following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Databases consulted: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Library, Oral Surgery–Oral Medicine–Oral Pathology–Oral Radiology, JOMS, and AJH Oxford. The Boolean strategy used was: (“Hypertensive patients” AND “Normotensive patients” AND “local anesthesia” AND “dental treatment” AND (“blood pressure” OR “arterial pressure”) AND “heart rate”), limited to publications from 1980–2024. Rayyan software assisted screening and study selection. Twenty-two studies were identified, and 173 additional references were reviewed; 13 met the inclusion criteria.

Results: Tooth extraction and oral surgery under local anesthesia produce measurable cardiovascular responses. On average, systolic pressure increases by 5.6 mmHg and diastolic pressure by 4.7 mmHg, with greater rises in hypertensive or diabetic patients (6.2 mmHg vs. 4.8 mmHg). The use of epinephrine in local anesthesia amplifies these changes, reinforcing the need for cautious dosing and monitoring.

Conclusion: Oral surgery and tooth extraction may elevate blood pressure and heart rate, especially in patients with comorbidities.

Continuous monitoring and individualized anesthetic management are essential to reduce cardiovascular risk. Future studies should include larger samples and meta-analyses focusing on hemodynamic changes under local anesthesia in hypertensive patients.