Bakat Passive in Balinese and Kena Passive in Indonesian: A Comparative Study

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: This study investigates the grammatical properties of analytic passive constructions in two languages: the bakat passive in Balinese and the kena passive in Indonesian. Although Indonesian kena passive has received substantial attention in prior work, the Balinese bakat passive remains largely underexamined. This research provides the first detailed description and analysis of bakat passive, addressing a significant gap in Balinese grammatical research. For kena passive, despite the availability of basic descriptions, recent studies of comparable constructions in languages such as Mandarin and Vietnamese underscore the need for a renewed analytical perspective. Incorporating these insights, this study proposes an updated analysis of Indonesian kena passive aligned with the depth and rigor of current cross-linguistic research.

The study primarily employs elicitation, involving regular sessions with native speakers to obtain grammaticality judgments, semantic interpretations, and other linguistic data. Additional evidence from Balinese and Indonesian corpora is used to test and refine the proposed hypotheses. The findings show that bakat passive and kena passive function as auxiliary verbs marking noncanonical passive constructions. Both encode “non-intentional” meaning through specific combinations with verbal roots of corresponding lemmas. They can also co-occur with canonical passive markers -a in Balinese and di- in Indonesian. These results advance our understanding of passive structure and syntactic organization in natural language.

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation Technique

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In recent years, significant attention has been devoted to the development of physical, chemical, and biological methods for synthesizing nanomaterials. While chemical methods typically offer faster synthesis rates compared to physical and biological approaches, they are often associated with environmental hazards and lower product purity. Among the physical techniques, laser ablation has emerged as a promising and clean method, wherein high-energy laser pulses are employed to remove material from a solid target. In this work, magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized via laser ablation in an aqueous medium. A fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm was used to irradiate a high-purity (99.99%) iron target. The structural and magnetic characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM). Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to identify functional groups present in the sample. The XRD pattern confirmed the formation of pure Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, showing full agreement with standard reference data. FESEM analysis revealed spherical nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 23 to 30 nm. Magnetic measurements indicated a saturation magnetization value of 28.32 emu/g, confirming the magnetic nature of the synthesized nanoparticles.

Organizational Readiness for Change and Design using Galbraith’s STAR Model: A Case Study of Digitalization at a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME)

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This study investigates the organizational readiness for digitalization within a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) in the Indonesian apparel sector, specifically CV XYZ, which faces sales stagnation due to its reliance on traditional offline channels. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, the research employs in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with key stakeholders to assess readiness and identify necessary organizational design interventions. The theoretical analysis is grounded in Weiner’s theory of organizational readiness and Galbraith’s Star Model. The findings reveal a critical dichotomy in the firm’s readiness: while the organization exhibits high change valence—driven by a strategic recognition of e-commerce as essential for market expansion—it suffers from low change efficacy due to significant gaps in technical competencies and digital literacy. The application of Galbraith’s Star Model highlights specific misalignments, particularly in structure and leadership, which currently hinder digital agility. The study concludes that to successfully implement digitalization, the organization must move beyond mere asset acquisition to focus on capability building. Strategic recommendations include the implementation of “structural differentiation” to create a distinct online marketing division, the appointment of a specialized digital manager to bridge the leadership gap, and a prioritized investment in tiered human capital training over immediate financial incentives. These insights provide a practical framework for SMEs transitioning from traditional operations to digitally enabled business models.

Exploring The English–Vietnamese Translation of Metaphors in Economic News Articles

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The translation of metaphors remains a major challenge in rendering economic information from English into Vietnamese due to the complexity of figurative meaning and cultural connotations. This study investigates metaphorical expressions in English economic news articles and their Vietnamese translations to identify common metaphor types, examine translation approaches, and assess their effectiveness in conveying meaning. A corpus of 331 metaphorical expressions extracted from 30 English economic news articles and their published Vietnamese equivalents was analyzed through discourse analysis. The findings show that structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors were the most frequent types used in economic journalism. Vietnamese translators employed various techniques that prioritize conceptual equivalence and communicative clarity; however, shifts in imagery and rhetorical effect were observed in some cases. The study highlights the need for translators to preserve both semantic accuracy and metaphorical impact to ensure effective communication. Future research is recommended to expand the corpus to other news genres and explore additional translation strategies for metaphor-rich content.

Short-Term Intake of Moringa oleifera Leaf Soup and Its Effect on Fasting Blood Glucose in Overweight Office Workers: A Preliminary Study

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Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia continues to rise, particularly among workers with sedentary lifestyles and overweight conditions. Moringa oleifera leaves are known to contain antidiabetic bioactive compounds; however, studies regarding their effectiveness in the form of a cooked vegetable dish (soup) remain limited.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf soup intake on changes in fasting blood glucose levels among overweight employees at the University of Nusa Cendana.

Methods: This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design. Twenty-seven employees with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The intervention consisted of administering Moringa leaf soup (100 grams of fresh leaves boiled at 80°C for 3 minutes), consumed daily for one week.

Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed that the soup contained flavonoids, tannins, and vitamin C. Clinically, the intervention resulted in a decrease in mean fasting blood glucose from 121.37 mg/dL to 118.33 mg/dL, with 16 out of 27 respondents (59.3%) showing a reduction. However, statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test indicated that this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.361).

Conclusion: Although the results were not statistically significant—likely due to the short duration of the intervention—a clinical downward trend was observed in the majority of respondents. This finding suggests the potential of Moringa leaf soup as a functional food to support glycemic control.

Impact of Cement Contamination on Seed Germination, Early Seedling Growth, and Soil Microbial Communities in Wheat, Barley, Chickpea, and Groundnut

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This study investigated the effect of cement contamination (0–5%) on seed germination, early seedling growth, and microbial associations in four crop species: wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Controlled experiments were conducted under water-based germination conditions, with observations recorded over three days. Results showed a clear concentration-dependent inhibition of germination and radicle elongation. In control treatments, seeds exhibited 70–100% germination with healthy radicle and shoot growth, while higher cement concentrations (>3%) drastically reduced germination, with complete suppression observed at 5%. Groundnut seeds were especially sensitive, showing strong inhibition even at 2–3%. Fungal contamination and seed darkening were frequently observed in cement-treated groups, suggesting toxicity and stress responses. These findings indicate that cement dust deposition in agricultural soils can significantly impair seedling establishment and may negatively affect crop productivity in areas surrounding cement industries.

Development of Teaching Module Using Probing Prompting Based on Ethnomathematics to Improve Students’ Mathematical Communication Ability

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This research aims to develop a teaching module using a probing-prompting learning model based on ethnomathematics on the topic of flat-sided solid geometry to improve the mathematical communication ability of junior high school (SMP) students, ensuring it is valid, practical, and effective. The study employed the 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), followed by a quasi-experimental study using a non-equivalent control group design. The subjects of this research were ninth-grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Sukosari, Bondowoso. The module validation results showed a very valid criterion with an average validity percentage of 92.5%7. The practicality test results obtained a value of 91.3% in the very practical category. The effectiveness test showed a significant difference in mathematical communication ability between the experimental and control classes with a significant (p < 0,05) value. Thus, the teaching module using probing-prompting based on ethnomathematics can be used to improve the mathematical communication ability of junior high school students because it is valid, practical, and effective10. Based on these results, teachers are expected to implement the probing prompting learning module by creating question guides that can enhance students’ mathematical communication ability and can be adapted to local cultural contexts as an alternative teaching material.

Systematic Literature Review (SLR): The Influence of Independence, Competence, Motivation and Experience of Internal Audit Unit Auditors on the Effectiveness of Internal Control at the Public Service Agency (BLU) of the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia

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The effectiveness of internal control (ICC) in the Public Service Agency (BLU) of the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia is a crucial issue in public sector financial governance. In its implementation, the quality of supervision is often influenced by various individual and institutional factors, including the independence, competence, motivation, and experience of the Internal Supervisory Unit (ISC) auditors. So far, research in various sectors has shown mixed results; some studies emphasize the importance of independence as the basis for auditor objectivity, while others show that organizational dynamics can influence the extent to which independence can be optimally implemented. Likewise, the competence, motivation, and experience of auditors, each of which has a different role depending on the characteristics of the organization, workload, and the control system implemented. This study conducted a systematic literature review to identify the influence of independence, competence, motivation, and experience of internal auditors in the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. A total of 10 national and international articles published between 2019 and 2025 were selected. A systematic search was conducted on electronic databases EBSCO, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Publish or Peris and national journal repositories. Articles were selected through a two-stage screening process that met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a standardized instrument and synthesized narratively, focusing on research design and methodological quality. The results of the synthesis indicate that these four factors do not operate in isolation but interact with each other and significantly influence the effectiveness of internal control in BLUs. This study emphasizes the need for increased auditor capacity, strengthened professional ethics, and institutional support to minimize potential irregularities and improve oversight quality.

Comparison of Microscopic Accuracy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) in Malaria Diagnosis: A Literature Review

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Malaria is an infectious disease that remains a global public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical countries such as Indonesia. This disease is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. According to the 2024 World Malaria Report, there were approximately 249 million cases of malaria and 597,000 deaths worldwide, with Indonesia accounting for approximately 1.8 million cases or 46% of the total cases in Southeast Asia. This condition shows that malaria is still a major challenge in the national health system, especially in endemic areas such as Papua, Nusa Tenggara, and parts of Kalimantan. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of malaria is crucial in reducing morbidity and mortality rates. Peripheral blood microscopy is still considered the gold standard because it can identify Plasmodium species and assess the degree of parasitemia, but its sensitivity decreases in infections with low parasite density. Advances in diagnostic methods have led to the development of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), which detect specific parasite antigens and provide rapid results, although the results can be affected by HRP2 gene mutations and reagent storage conditions. Furthermore, molecular methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) offer the highest sensitivity with the ability to detect up to 0.25–5 parasites/µL, but require advanced laboratory facilities. The latest innovation, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), can amplify parasite DNA at a constant temperature of 60–65°C without a thermal cycler, with sensitivity and specificity reaching 95–99%. Therefore, this literature review highlights that a combination of conventional and molecular methods is essential to improve diagnostic accuracy and support malaria elimination efforts in Indonesia.

Attitude of Students towards E-learning and its Impact on their Study Habits: A Meta-Analysis

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Students’ attitude regarding e-learning and it’s impact on their study habits have undergone a lot of changes because of the rapid introduction of e-learning into educational systems. In order to examine the relationship between students’ perception of e-learning and their study habits, this meta-analysis collects and reviews data from empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025. Qualitative case studies, cross-sectional surveys, quasi-experimental designs, correlational research, and mixed-methods investigations are some of the methodological approaches employed in the reviewed studies. The studies additionally employ research instruments like validated attitude scales, semi-structured interviews, and structured questionnaires. The overall findings reveal generally good attitude of students towards e-learning, with many studies demonstrating notable improvements in study habits and academic engagement because of e-learning integration. These improvements include improved motivation, efficient time management, and adaptive learning techniques made possible by AI and digital tools. However, some studies demonstrate the intricate effects of e-learning environments by addressing issues with technology restraints and various degrees of student preparedness. The results highlight the need for educational interventions that promote positive attitudes toward e-learning and support effective study methods for greater academic success in digital learning environments.