Gastroenteritis: A Comprehensive Review

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Gastroenteritis, commonly referred to as stomach flu, is an acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, marked by symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of gastroenteritis, addressing its etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies. The condition is caused by a variety of infectious agents such as viruses (noroviruses, rotaviruses), bacteria (Campylobacter, Salmonella), and parasites (Giardia lamblia), with transmission typically occurring through contaminated food, water, or person-to-person contact. Globally, gastroenteritis remains a significant public health issue, with high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in children under five in developing countries. Diagnosis often relies on clinical evaluation and laboratory tests, while management focuses on rehydration therapy and symptomatic relief. Preventive measures include personal hygiene, food safety practices, environmental sanitation, and vaccination, with rotavirus vaccines significantly reducing severe cases in children. Emerging trends in gastroenteritis research aim at developing rapid diagnostic tools, novel therapeutic approaches, and new vaccines, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the global impact of this disease.

Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Malaria Infection Among Adult Populations in Selected Internally Displaced Camps in Goma, North Kivu Province, Dr. Congo

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Malaria remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is one of the countries most heavily affected by malaria, with millions of cases reported annually. In the Eastern region of the DRC, ongoing conflict has resulted in large numbers of people living in precarious conditions within IDP camps, where the risk of malaria transmission is heightened due to unsuitable housing conditions, lack of bed net, overcrowded and unsanitary conditions with limited access to essential healthcare services. This study aims to assess the risk factors associated with malaria infection among adult populations in the Kashaka and Shabindu IDP camps in Goma, North Kivu Province. The study employed a cross-sectional design using a mixed-method approach. Data were collected from 371 households through interviews and medical record reviews. Chi-square tests were performed for bivariate analysis, and then logistic regression to evaluate the impact of multiple variables simultaneously. All participants pointed to mosquitoes as the causal agent. Around 97.8% confirmed that fever is the main symptom followed by chills (75.2%), headache (54.5%), and sweating (10.2%). Bed net was identified as a preventive measure at (100%), mosquito repellents (71.7%), and Indoor residual spraying (68;2%). Approximately 43.9% of households had at least one case of malaria with an increasing incidence in April (26.7%) and October (35.9%). The most significant factors affecting the spread of malaria were gender (OR: 1.73; p-value < 0.001), lack of bed net (OR: 5.231; p-value < 0.001), outdoor activities at night (OR: 0.661; p-value = 0.0364), and being close to sanitation facilities (OR: 2.458; p-value = 0.0013). These underscore the critical need for targeted malaria prevention measures, including increased bed net availability and usage, enhanced sanitation infrastructure, and heightened awareness about the dangers of outdoor nighttime activities.

A Critical Appraisal of the Law Protecting Persons with Mental Health Conditions in Zambia

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Mental health is widely recognised as an important part of the proper functioning of an individual and contributes to the overall well-being of a person. A human rights based approach states that all members of society should be catered for in the eyes of the law and have equal access to justice. However, there is not much importance placed on mental health in the Republic of Zambia and there is a lot of discrimination against persons with mental conditions. The aim of this research is to critically appraise the Mental Health Act of 2019 and hereafter educate the public on mental health. Inaddition, the research seeks to investigate how Zambia has dealt with mental health, analyse the improvements made in the Mental Health Act, 2019, and make proposals for solutions to the shortcomings identified in how the provisions of the law are carried out.

This research was essentially desktop based and reviewed statutes. The desk review involved the qualitative analysis of the provisions of the Mental Health Act in determining its significance. Analysis of books, articles, and other various online sources was also used to collect the information contained in this research.

The findings revealed that the legislation on mental health in Zambia is progressive but lacks practicality. There are no workable guidelines, either legislative or judicial, which accommodate persons living with varying degrees of mental challenges. Arising out of this analysis it is recommended that the Mental Health Act should be amended to include in-depth definitions of the major conditions that could affect members of the public and incorporate mental health services in existing health establishments to increase access to these facilities by people with mental health difficulties.

Simultaneous Estimation of Atazanavir & Ritonavir in API & Marketed Formulations by Using RP-HPLC

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Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. Atazanavir and Ritonavir are antiviral agents used in treatment of HIV. A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and cost-effective high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was successfully developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in their combined tablet dosage form. The selected mobile phase was Methanol: Phosphate Buffer in proportion 65:35 v/v respectively. The optimized columns used are C18 column, Symmetry and Zodiac column. X bridge C18 (4.6×150 mm, 5 µm) particle size was found to be ideal as it gave good peak shape and resolution at 1ml/min flow for Atazanavir and Ritonavir. In this study, the validation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in API and marketed formulations were performed keeping in accordance with the parameters like system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision (reproducibility & repeatability), robustness. The developed stability indicating method is capable for determination of impurities of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in combined tablet dosage form as well as individual dosage forms also. The method has been successfully validated according to ICH guidelines and the results obtained by using RP – HPLC are rapid, accurate and precise. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the analysis of synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations of Atazanavir and Ritonavir.

Beyond Basics: The Dichotomy of Actual and Perceived Consumer Needs

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Consumer behavior, particularly in distinguishing between actual and perceived needs, reveals complex dynamics that shape spending patterns. This study, titled “Beyond Basics: The Dichotomy of Actual and Perceived Consumer Needs,” examines how modern consumerism often blurs the lines between essential and discretionary expenditures. While actual needs—such as food, shelter, and clothing—are vital for survival, they often receive less financial attention compared to perceived needs, which are closely tied to social status, identity, and recognition. Using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a theoretical framework, this research explores the psychological and social factors influencing this discrepancy. The study employs a quantitative approach, collecting data from a diverse sample of consumers across different socio-economic backgrounds. Through hypothesis testing, including t-tests and regression analysis, the research investigates the significant differences in spending on actual versus perceived needs and the impact of social status on these spending priorities. The findings indicate that consumers, on average, allocate significantly more financial resources to perceived needs, with social status serving as a stronger predictor of this behavior than income level. This trend is particularly evident among higher-income individuals, but it is pervasive across all income groups, reflecting the deep-rooted influence of societal norms and marketing strategies on consumer choices.

The study concludes by discussing the implications for marketers, policymakers, and consumer education. It suggests that promoting financial literacy, developing sustainable marketing strategies, and encouraging a shift towards prioritizing actual needs could lead to more balanced and sustainable consumer habits. By addressing the psychological and social drivers of consumption, it may be possible to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive spending on perceived needs and foster healthier, more sustainable consumption patterns.

A Comprehensive Review of Engineering Strategies for Environmental Sustainability in Sustainable Waste Management

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Waste management and environmental sustainability are intricately linked aspects crucial for maintaining ecological balance and human well-being. This study synthesizes research findings and scholarly insights to underscore the significance of effective waste management practices in achieving environmental sustainability goals.  It examines waste treatment approaches, including recycling, waste-to-energy systems, and waste reduction strategies, highlighting their role in mitigating environmental impact. Additionally, the study explores the environmental consequences of inadequate waste management, emphasizing the urgent need for holistic solutions to address water, soil, and air pollution. Engineering solutions for sustainable waste management, such as the 3R principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), thermal treatment methods, and landfill management, are discussed as essential components of a comprehensive strategy. By integrating these approaches, policymakers, industries, and communities can minimize waste generation, conserve resources, and safeguard the environment for current and future generations. Challenges like regulatory barriers, lack of awareness, and inadequate infrastructure pose obstacles to sustainable waste management practices. Thus, a collaborative effort involving governments, businesses, and civil society is crucial to implementing effective waste management policies and initiatives. Through concerted action, we can transition to a circular economy model that promotes resource efficiency, environmental protection, and human well-being on a global scale.

Design and Development of Overcurrent Protection Relay Inverse Definite Minimum Time Type Based on Arduino Uno

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An overcurrent protection relay is an essential component in electrical system to protect devices from damage due to excessive current. The Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) type has a trip time that depends on the magnitude of the overcurrent, with faster trip times for higher overcurrent levels. Arduino Uno can be used as a microcontroller platform to build an IDMT with relatively low cost and ease of implementation. This research aims to design and construct an Arduino Uno-based IDMT. The system consists of a current sensor, Arduino Uno, and a relay. The current sensor is used to detect the current flowing through the load. The Arduino Uno processes the data from the current sensor and determines if the current exceeds a predefined limit. If the current exceeds the limit, the Arduino Uno will activate the relay to cut off the current flow to the load. The IDMT trip time is implemented using an algorithm that considers the magnitude of the overcurrent and the minimum trip time. The system is tested using a simulator and actual load. Test results show that the Arduino Uno-based IDMT system works well and can protect the load from damage due to overcurrent.

An Analysis Management by Mike 21 Modelling at Rolak 70 Retention Pool in Jombang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia

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Some areas in Indonesia have high level of sedimentation problems that able to cause flooding, and one apparent solution is to build a retention pool. Sedimentation is deposition of material into the reservoir or dam due to environmental damage or erosion occurs in the river basin area. Sedimentation becomes the main factor in constructing the Rolak 70 Retention Pool, as an important component in controlling floods on the Konto River when the water discharge exceeds the maximum limit. From geography perspective, the modelling location is in waters located between 112° 11′ 22.85″ South Latitude and 7° 38′ 42.23″ East Longitude. The model area has northern boundary at the tip of Rolak 70 pool, while western boundary at the outlet of Rolak 70 pool. The lowest water depth value is located in upstream area of Konto River at coordinates of 112°11’27.81″ South Latitude and 7°38’49.27″ East longitude.

Weight of soil sample taken from the research site was ± 1000 grams at each point, and the result of sediment sample test performed at the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Civil Engineering Department, Sultan Agung University, Semarang showed that the research area is dominated by sand, followed by mud and gravel. There were several tests conducted include grain size analysis, hydrometer analysis, and specific gravity analysis to determine the D50 of the sediment. In the study area, several sampling points were taken, started from upstream area of the river in front of Rolak 70 building to the Rolak 70 Retention Pool. For this purpose, a MIKE 21 software modelling was used to determine distribution and lines of sedimentation in the study area. As visible from changes found in bed level morphology that occurred in Rolak 70 Retention Pool by cross section extraction, it can be seen that the largest change occurred in analysis for line 1 and the smallest bed level changes occurred in the analysis for line 6. Then, the result revealed that sedimentation tends to occur at large locations in upstream area of Rolak 70 Retention Pool, while the smallest sedimentation potential will happen at the downstream area of Rolak 70 Retention Pool. These results can be caused by changes of speed from the river flow which tends to decrease towards the end of Rolak 70 Retention Pool. So, the river flow has no more energy to carry heavy amount of sediments originating from the upstream area of the Konto River. By the existence of this retention pool, the need for rice field irrigation will not be disturbed by sediment deposits. In addition, the Rolak 70 Retention Pool can be used as temporary storage for material from Mount Kelud eruption where these materials can be utilized as building material or other useful purposes.

 

Exploratory Study of Metaverse in Business in Indonesia Using Scenario Planning Approach (Metaverse Case Study in Digital Business & Technology Division PT Telkom Indonesia)

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The Metaverse, as the next step after the internet (Web1) and Social Media (Web2), gained attention after Facebook rebranded to Meta in 2021, signaling a focus on its development. While still in its early stages, with limited business applications beyond marketing, this research explores potential metaverse scenarios in Indonesia through PT Telkom’s Digital Business & Technology Division. Using the TAIDA method and a qualitative approach with primary interviews and secondary data, the study highlights Indonesia’s strong potential for metaverse growth, driven by internet adoption, VR/AR technology, cryptocurrency, and government support. Key uncertainties include low adoption, early-stage development, and unclear regulations. Four business scenarios are analyzed, focusing on promotion inefficiency, digital gaming interest, cybersecurity concerns, and potential platform discontinuation. Business scenarios encompass a booming metaverse, metaverse as a game, metaverse as a virtual world threat, and social media dominance. Scenario 1 analysis reveals PT Telkom’s focus on developing metaverse with risks related to promotional inefficiency. Scenario 2 involves developing metaverse’s digital game with the risk of low public interest. Scenario 3 emphasizes cybersecurity with risks related to societal disinterest. Scenario 4 envisions discontinuing metaverse with risks tied to customer misunderstanding. The primary objectives target awareness, cybersecurity, and customer understanding while ensuring platform reliability and regulatory guidance.

Optimizing Prompt Length and Specificity for Enhanced AI Chatbot Responses

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Language models have revolutionized natural language processing by greatly improving text generation and comprehension. Optimizing their functioning is related to how one designs prompts because the kind and quality of response produced affects the nature of response that is generated. This article explores the impact of prompt length and specificity on AI chatbots’ capabilities concerning accuracy, fluency, and relevance of generated responses. We present evidence that careful prompt engineering is severely lacking to improve conversational performance, and illustrate this using studies and experiments on the Cornell Movie Dialogs Corpus; thus, providing interesting guidelines to the developers and researchers interested in improving chatbot responses