Articles

Comparison Study between Regulations Implementations in Indonesia and Thailand to Protect Women from Discrimination in the Workplace

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Women’s rights have become a focal point in a series of international conferences that have resulted in significant political commitments to human rights and gender equality. Women still face many challenges in their daily lives, including in the workplace. This research aims to provide an analysis of the position of working women in Indonesia and Thailand who experience discrimination in the workforce. By comparing a series of legal regulations that each of these countries has, particularly regarding the protection of female labour. Economic growth, which is also supported by the increasing participation of women in the workforce, is a strong reason why protection for women in the workplace must be prioritized by both countries. This research uses a normative legal method, which is a research method that involves investigating literature or secondary materials, namely laws regulated based on the rules contained in legislation or law used as a guide for behaviour in the daily lives of society. To complement the results of the writing, a qualitative approach is also used. The issues to be addressed in this study are the forms of legal regulations that govern female workers in Indonesia and Thailand to prevent discrimination, the role of law in promoting the empowerment of women working in Indonesia and Thailand, and the legal status of victims of discrimination against female workers in Indonesia and Thailand. The results of the research indicate that there are still many shortcomings in both countries in protecting their respective female workers. The role of the regulations provided by both Indonesia and Thailand has its own role in the effort to ensure protection for women in the workforce. Starting from regulations regarding wages, working hours, leave rights, and protection for women experiencing discrimination or harassment in the workplace. These regulations are made with the intention to be implemented in every field of work, both formal and informal, for women working in Indonesia and Thailand. The position of victims of discrimination in the workplace in both Indonesia and Thailand still faces various kinds of very concerning challenges. Despite the existence of a series of regulations specifically for this protection, they still do not receive justice commensurate with the authorities. Women victims of discrimination must continue to fight to ensure that they receive fair justice.

Gender Equality: The Socio-Economic Status of Women in The Galo Community, Arunachal Pradesh

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Gender equality is “women, men, girls and boys must enjoy equal rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It means that women, men, girls and boys have equal conditions, treatment and opportunities for realizing their full potential, human rights and dignity and contributing to socio-economic, cultural and political development” according to United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. Equality doesn’t mean that men and women will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities is not depended on whether they are born male or female. Gender equality signifies the equal recognition and appreciation of both the similarities and differences between men and women, as well as the roles they fulfill in society. The Indian Constitution enshrines this principle through the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and Fundamental Duties. Beyond guaranteeing equal rights for women, the Constitution also empowers the government to take affirmative actions to address gender disparities.

Although the Constitution of India contains numerous provisions to uphold gender equality and justice, these provisions have often been rendered ineffective for various reasons. While women are constitutionally guaranteed equal rights, opportunities, and protections, the reality remains starkly different. The status of women in the Galo society of Arunachal Pradesh reflects this discrepancy. Although the extent and nature of inequality and discrimination may vary, women continue to occupy a disadvantaged position socially and economically. The socio-economic and political marginalization of women has persisted throughout history. In fact, this marginalization is a harsh reality that has been both consciously and unconsciously practiced within the Galo tribe, whether directly or indirectly. This paper aims to examine the distinct nature of gender inequality in Galo society and propose suitable measures to promote and strengthen gender equality.

The Effect of Health Education with Audiovisual on Increasing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Maintaining Reproductive Health in Vocational School Adolescent Girls

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Reproductive health is one of the most prominent issues in adolescence. Adolescents at this time experience adolescent physical and psychological changes. The cause of this problem is due to the lack knowledge of adolescents about reproductive health. To improve the knowledge of adolescents through reproductive health education. The media used is audiovisual because this media is interesting because it does not only display images or writing, but also with sound so that it is expected to increase knowledge, attitudes, and practices about reproductive health. This study aims to analyze the effect of audiovisual health education on improving adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices about reproductive health. This research method is a Pretest-Posttest Experiment with a control group. The study population was female adolescents at SMK Era Pembangunan 3, with a sample of 30 people. Sampling was done by random sampling. Data analysis using SPSS with Chi-Square test. Statistically obtained the results of the p-value = 0.000 <0.05. So that there is a significant effect of health education with audiovisual on increasing knowledge, attitudes, and practices about maintaining reproductive health in adolescents.

The Study to Assess the Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Associated Risk Factors among Women

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Aim: The present study aims to assess the Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Associated Risk factors among women at SMCH.

Methods and Materials: A descriptive research design was used for the present study. A total 50 samples were collected using quota sampling technique. The demographic variable and level of prevalence of iron deficiency was assessed using structured questioner and, followed by that data was gathered and analyzed.

Results: The results the study revealed that there is a significant association with level of prevalence of iron anemia and associate risk factors among women at p<0.05.

Conclusion: Thus, the present study assessed the prevalence of iron anemia and associate risk factors among women and it was evident there is a lack of awareness and knowledge.

Cultural Practices against Women in Nigeria: The Media Frames and the Challenges

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This study set out to investigate the patterns of framing of cultural practices against women by the media in Nigeria; as well as the challenges of framing the practices in South East Nigeria. The major objectives were to determine the frequency of coverage, the framing patterns and the constraints to media coverage. The survey method was employed to study a sample of 276 journalists in South East Nigeria using the questionnaire as instrument for data collection to determine their opinions about the challenges of media coverage of the practices. Also, content analysis method was employed to study the frequency of coverage of the practices in select radio, television and newspaper contents; as well as to determine framing patterns. In the end, it was found that both radio and television stations gave adequate coverage to the practices while the newspapers’ level of coverage was low. It was also found that the patterns of framing ranges from condemnatory stance to revealing the consequences on the societal development and to clamouring for review, amendment and eradication of the practices. However, challenges of coverage were lack of enabling laws, family and religious link to practices, sacredness and secrecy of the practices, etc.  It is, therefore, recommended that the media, policy makers, NGOs, community leaders, etc should find ways of ameliorating the identified hitches so as to enable hitch-free coverage of cultural practices so that analysis would be pragmatic.

 

Sexual Dysfunction among Women Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital

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Diabetes mellitus is known to have multisystemic affectation including sexual dysfunction. The effect of diabetes on female sexual function is well documented globally but underreported in our study environment. Hence, this study attempted to fill this gap in knowledge by evaluating the sexual function of women living with diabetes in Uyo, Southern Nigeria. Methods: This was a crossectional descriptive study conducted in the Endocrinology Clinic of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital. A total of 150 participants consisting of 100 diabetes patients and 50 controls were interviewed using the female sexual function Index questionnaire. They were physically examined and blood samples taken for laboratory investigations. Data obtained was analysed using descriptive/comparative statistics. Results: Among the diabetics, 62% had sexual dysfunction compared to 8% of the controls(p<0.001).The diabetics had a median total sexual function score of 9.25(2.15-26.6), compared to 28.15(27.1-29) for the controls ( p < 0.001). The diabetics with normal sexual function had a mean HBA1c of 7.08+/-0.27 compared to 8.37+/-0.73 for diabetics with abnormal sexual function( t=9.65,def=98,p<0.001). The total sexual function score of diabetics was negatively related to glycated haemoglobin (rho=-0.88,p<0.001). ). Diabetics with DM duration of 10 years and more were 2.87 times significantly more likely to have poor sexual function(p=0.02; 95%CI 1.20-6.83 ). Glycated haemoglobin was shown to be a strong predictor of female sexual function(OR= 228.15, p<0.001). Conclusion:There is a high prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among diabetics. Prolonged duration of diabetes and poor glycaemic control are the most likely reasons for this finding.

Current Status and Burden of Malaria in Pregnancy among Women in Some Selected Internally Displaced persons Camps in Maiduguri, Borno State

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Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among displaced populations in sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for an estimated 30 million women living in malaria endemic area become pregnant each year. Recent literature indicates that over 140 million people in Nigeria with 97% of the population are at risk from malaria infection. To assess the current status and burden of malaria in pregnancy among women in IDPs camps in Maiduguri, a cross sectional study on the relationship between pregnancy and malaria parasitaemia was conducted among pregnant IDPs women in Maiduguri. Of the 100 pregnant women enrolled in the study and screened for malaria infection, 40 (40%) were examined in Dalori camp, 37 (37%) were examined in Bakasi and 23 (23%) were examined in Aji ganaram camp. The prevalence of malaria infection among pregnant women based on different IDPs camps reveals that, 42(42.0%) out of the 100 pregnant women examined in all the three camps were infected with malaria parasitaemia. In Dalori camp 19(47.5%) out of 40 women examined were infected, while in Aji ganaram camp 16(43.2%) out of 37 women examined were infected, likewise in Bakasi 7(30.4%) out of 23 women examined were infected respectively. There is no statistically significant difference between camps and malaria infection (p˃0.5). Similarly, the prevalence of malaria infection based on age group. Of the sample examined 68 (68%) out of the 100 women examined were infected with malaria parasitaemia, the age group of <15 years had the lowest malaria infection rate with 2 (2.0%) and there was significantly higher prevalence rate of malaria infection  recorded in age group of 15-45 years old women with 66(66.0%). %).  However, prevalence of malaria parasitaemia based on marital status in study population reveals that 51(51.0%) out of 100 women examined were infected with malaria infection. There was significantly higher prevalence among widows with 29(54.7%), followed by 18 (48.6), and followed by 4(40.0%) in single (not married women) respectively. Chi-square analysis shows significant difference between widows, married, single and infection rate (p˃0.05).The study showed a strong correlation between age, marital status and malaria infection among pregnant women in IDPs camps. The morbidity and mortality burden of malaria in the study population among pregnant women in internally displaced persons camps could be reduced drastically by proper prevention strategies, good dietary feeding, good shelter and improving diagnosis.