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Comparing Company Valuation Before and After IPO Study Case PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy Tbk

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Affordable energy resources of energy play a crucial role in economic and social development to support food production, availability of water supply and sustainable healty lifestyle. In order to avoid long-term scarcity resulting from the continuous use of non-renewable energy sources, we must explore all potential renewable energy source that align with concernes about climate change and other environmental issues. As a continuation of the Indonesian government’s efforts to generate clean and environmental friendly energy, PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) was established in 2006. It has contributed 82% of the installed geothermal energy capacity in Indonesia. By leveraging Indonesia’s location within the Ring of Fire as one of the world’s geothermal energy hubs, PGE has been supplying electricity to more than 2 million households in Indonesia with a potential emission reduction of 9.7 million tons of CO2 per year. To achieve sustainable business growth, PGEO is optimizing production in its operational areas by expanding installed capacity. In the company consideration, IPO is an appropriate step to financing the expansion. The author compares the company’s value before and after the IPO to determine the short-term impact of the IPO, helping investors gauge their confidence in making investment decisions in PGEO.

This study utilizes secondary data from prospectuses, financial statements, annual reports, sustainability reports, company-published documents, as well as data from IDX.co.id and IDN Financials.com. The data was collected and analyzed to understand evaluate financial performance, and assess the company’s value before and after the IPO. The calculation of the company’s intrinsic value is conducted using the Discounted Cash Flow Valuation method for the pre-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2019 to 2022 and for the post-IPO period against the company’s financial projections for the years 2024 to 2028, using discount rates of 8.25% and 8.65% for each. In resulting the intrinsic value pre-IPO is IDR 1.141,28 and the intrinsic value post-IPO is IDR 1.300,86. The stock price of PGEO at its IPO on February 23, 2023, was IDR 875, while the adjusted closing price on December 29, 2023, was IDR 1,170. This study founds that the market price of PGEO’s stock, both before and after the IPO, are overvalued.

Determining the Optimal Capital Structure of Coal Company

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This study examines stock price decline and coal price uncertainty as business issues. PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk has high debtto-equity ratio. High dividend-equity companies pay more interest. Interest costs reduce a company’s net profits and cash available for investment or shareholder payout. This may affect shareholder income and corporate growth. To raise net income and firm value for investors and rebuild trust, PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk management must estimate a favorable cost of debt and equity. This study employed secondary data. This study uses 2018-2019 DOID financial statements as secondary data. The lowest WACC helps PT. Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk choose the best capital structure. Calculate capital structure debt and equity costs using the debt-toequity ratio. The Damodaran synthetic rating table calculates loan cost using the interest coverage ratio and PT. Dunia Makmur Tbk default spread value. The actual debt ratio is 83.69%, while the optimal debt ratio is 34%. According to Damodaran, the corporation is overlevered since actual optimal (83.69% > 34%). Delta Dunia is currently in the “GREY ZONE” of the Altman Z-score calculation, hence it is not at risk of bankruptcy. Therefore, the corporation can finance new projects with retained earnings or equity, pay off debt with retained earnings, reduce dividends, issue new shares, or pay off debt. From PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk’s financial statements, the debt ratio is 83.69%, the equity ratio is 16.69% with a cost of equity of 19.75%, the WACC generated is 11.02%, and the firm’s value is $965,639,737.72. After simulation, the optimal capital structure for PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk was 34% debt, 66% equity, 10.39% cost of equity, and $1,166,687,666.77. According to the Altman Z-score calculation, PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk is in the GREY ZONE and not at risk of bankruptcy, so the best way to change the debt ratio is gradually so the company can fund good projects or pay debt with new equity and retained earnings.