Articles

Changes in Serum Electrolytes, Urea, And Creatinine Levels in Diabetic Patients on Insulin Treatment in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria

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: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and electrolyte metabolism, often complicated by renal dysfunction. Insulin therapy plays a central role in glycemic control; however, its influence on serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine levels remains clinically relevant. This study evaluated changes in serum electrolytes, urea, and creatinine levels among diabetic patients receiving insulin therapy compared with diabetic patients who are not on insulin treatment in Enugu Metropolis. A total of 60 diabetic patients aged 18 years and above were recruited for the study, comprising 40 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 20 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Serum sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate were analyzed using the ion-selective electrode (ISE) method, while serum urea was determined using the urease Berthelot method, and creatinine was estimated by the Jaffe’s kinetic method. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and standard error of mean (SEM). Comparison between the two groups was performed using Student’s t-test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The insulin-dependent group showed mean serum sodium of 140.20 ± 5.10 mmol/L, potassium 4.50 ± 0.45 mmol/L, calcium 2.45 ± 0.16 mmol/L, chloride 103.50 ± 5.10 mmol/L, bicarbonate 24.00 ± 2.30 mmol/L, urea 7.00 ± 1.80 mmol/L, and creatinine 95.00 ± 15.00 µmol/L. When compared with non-insulin-dependent patients, insulin-dependent patients had significantly higher levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride (P<0.05). Serum urea and creatinine levels were significantly lower in insulin-dependent patients (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in serum bicarbonate levels between the two groups (P>0.05). These findings indicate that insulin therapy is associated with significant alterations in serum electrolytes and improved renal function indices among diabetic patients. Monitoring of electrolytes and renal parameters is therefore essential in the management of diabetic patients on insulin therapy.

Estimation of some Electrolytes in Kidney Disease Patients

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Present case-control study explored the associations between the role of urea and creatinine levels in kidney patients. Sixty patients with chronic Kidney disease participated in this study; their age ranged from 28-60 years during the period from March 2019 until August 2019 at the National Hematological Center/ Al-Mustansiryah University. They were compared with 30 subjects as control group. A sample of 60 Iraqi patients were divided into two groups, the first over 50 years old were 42 samples, while the second group for patients under the age of 50 years recorded 18 samples, and the samples of healthy people recorded only 30 samples.Current study was designed to estimate the status of renal function in the blood and electrolytes in the serum were measured for all patients.

Response of Zea Mays L to Tillage and Urea Fertilizer

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The purpose of cultivation intensity and using kind Urea mature as an activity in corn culture creates the best environmental to plant growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in Sempaja village-Samarinda district. Randomized Split-Plot Design analysis in Randomized Block Design was used with 2 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consist of two method of tillage (no tillage and conventional tillage) and two kind of urea mature (without Urea, Prill Urea and Briket Urea). The result showed that combination with conventional tillage method and briket urea give significantly effect on plant growth, yield components, and yield of corn.

Rheological Studies of Anionic Surfactants in Presence of Urea Derivatives and Monohydric Alcohols at Constant Temperature

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Surfactants are adaptable amphiphilic compounds have an especially distinctive polar hydrophilic head and non-polar hydrophilic tail group. The surfactant is extensively used in each walk of life such as care products, domestic cleaners, pharmaceuticals, oil recovery, food handling, and nanotechnologies due to decreasing the interfacial tension,. The Micellization of anionic surfactants such as potassium dodecyl sulphate (KDS), sodium dodecyl sulphate (NaDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (NaDBS) in presence of urea derivatives (2.0 M) in 2.5% alkanol-water systems at constant temperature (35ºC) are measured using the Agla micrometer syringe. The conclusion of this study gives the Critical Micelles Concentration (CMC) values of anionic surfactants decreased with the increase in methyl group of urea derivatives, monohydric alcohols (methanol, propanol butanol) and water systems at 35ºC.