Articles

A Comparative Review of Cranial Surgeries in Two New Neurosurgery Centres in an Urban and Rural Environment in Southeast Nigeria

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Background: The Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH), Orlu is rural based and commenced neurosurgical services in January 2016 whereas the Imo State Specialist Hospital (IMSSH), Owerri is in an urban environment and commenced neurosurgical services in April 2021. The demographics of cranial pathologies operatively managed in both hospitals were compared.

Aims: The study aimed to descriptively compare the number of cranial surgeries performed in both hospitals including the age, gender distribution and cranial pathologies of patients surgically managed in both hospitals.

Methods: The surgical records of all neurosurgery patients who had cranial operations at IMSUTH, Orlu, from January 2016 to June 2020 (42 months excluding 2018), and at IMSSH, Owerri, from April 2021 to July 2024 (40 months) were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: During the study periods, there were 26 cranial surgeries, in IMSUTH, Orlu giving an average of 1 cranial surgery in 2 months whereas there were 192 spine surgeries in IMSSH, Owerri, giving an average of 5 cranial surgeries per month. The mean age of the patients was 41 years for patients in IMSUTH and 39 years for patients in IMSSH, with a male to female ratio of 2:1 and 1.5:1 respectively. The mean age for male patients was 36 years for IMSUTH and 39 years for IMSSH while that of female patients was 51 years for IMSUTH and 32 years for IMSSH. The peak age range was in the age group 0-19 years for both IMSUTH (n=11, 42.3%) and IMSSH (n=69, 36%), followed by the age group 60 – 79 years for both IMSUTH (n=6, 23.1%) and IMSSH (n=55, 28.6%). The highest frequency of cranial surgeries was performed for hydrocephalus for IMSSH (n=85, 44.3%). This was followed by cranial haematoma (n=52, 27.1%), cranial tumours (n=33, 17.2%) and cranial infection (n=13, 6.8%). Although the findings in IMSUTH were similar, hydrocephalus (n=9, 34.6%) and haematoma (n=9, 34.6%) were the same in frequency, followed by cranial tumours (n=5, 19.2%) and cranial infection (n=3, 11.5%).

Conclusion: Cranial pathologies are not uncommon in our resource poor settings, especially in the urban environment and with a male preponderance for cranial surgeries. Congenital hydrocephalus is the most common cranial pathology in our paediatric age group, whereas chronic subdural haematoma is the most common cranial pathology in our elderly population. Trauma related cranial pathologies appear to be more common factors for cranial surgeries in rural settings relative to our urban settings.

Cranial Surgeries in a New Neurosurgery Centre in an Urban Specialist Hospital in Southeast Nigeria: A 40-Month Review

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Background: The Imo State Specialist Hospital (IMSSH) commenced neurosurgical services in April 2021 with outpatient consultations, and a cranial surgery performed in the same month was her first neurosurgical procedure. This is an audit of cranial pathologies surgically managed in the hospital in her first 3 years since the commencement of neurosurgical procedures.

Aims: The study aimed to look at the pattern of cranial pathologies surgically managed in the hospital from the commencement of neurosurgery services, including their age and gender distribution, the cranial pathologies and their distribution.

Methods: The surgical records of all neurosurgery patients who had cranial surgical operations at IMSSH, Owerri, from April 2021 to July 2024 (40 months) were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: One hundred and ninety-two (192) patients had cranial surgical operations during the study period (an average of 5 surgeries per month). The mean age of patients was 39 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. The mean age for male patients was 43 years while that of female patients was 32 years. The peak age range at presentation was in the paediatric age group, 0 – 19 years (n=69, 36%), followed by the elderly age group, 60 – 79 years (n=55, 28.6%). The highest frequency of cranial surgeries was performed for hydrocephalus (n=85, 44.3%). This was followed by cranial haematomas (n=52, 27.1%), cranial tumours (n=33, 17.2%) and cranial infections (n=13, 6.8%). Among cases of hydrocephalus, hydrocephalus in children (n=46) accounted for the highest number of cranial surgeries, while among cranial haematomas and cranial tumours, chronic subdural haematoma (n=27, 59.1%) and meningiomas (n=13, 39.3%) accounted for the highest frequencies respectively.

Conclusion: The study showed a male preponderance for cranial pathologies surgically managed in the hospital, with hydrocephalus in children and chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly having the highest presentation in our environment. A focus on preventive measures against hydrocephalus and chronic subdural haematoma may help in reducing the burden of these diseases in our environment.

A Comparative Review of Spine Surgeries in Two New Neurosurgery Centres in an Urban and Rural Environment in Southeast Nigeria

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Background: The Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) located in a rural setting commenced neurosurgical services in January 2016 with a spine procedure as the first case whereas the Imo State Specialist Hospital (IMSSH) located in an urban setting commenced neurosurgical services in April 2021 and spine procedures in August 2021. The presentation of surgically managed spine pathologies in both hospitals were compared.

Aims: The study aimed to descriptively compare the number of spine procedures performed in both hospitals including the age and gender distribution of the surgically managed spine patients, the spine pathologies and their distribution.

Methods: The surgical records of all spine patients who had surgical procedures at IMSUTH, Orlu, from January 2016 to May 2020 (42 months), and at IMSSH, Owerri, from August 2021 to July 2024 (36 months) were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: During the study periods, in IMSUTH, Orlu, there were 27 spine surgeries, giving an average of 1 spine procedure in 2 months whereas in IMSSH, Owerri, there were 157 spine surgeries giving an average of 4 spine surgeries per month. Interestingly the distribution of spine procedures revealed that the highest frequency of spine surgeries was performed in the lumbar spine (n=7, 26% in IMSUTH; n=43, 27.3% in IMSSH) followed by lumbosacral spine (n=6, 22.2% in IMSUTH; n=42, 26.8% in IMSSH) in both hospitals. And quite interesting also is that trauma (n=15, 55.6%) accounted for the highest number of spine surgeries in the rural environment of IMSUTH, Orlu, while degenerative spine diseases (n=113, 71.9%) accounted for the highest number of spine surgeries in the urban environment of IMSSH, Owerri.

Conclusion: The study revealed that spine pathologies are not uncommon in resource poor settings especially in the urban environment. There is a male preponderance for spine surgeries. Lumbar/lumbosacral spine pathologies are common in our resource poor settings but trauma related spine pathologies are more common factors for spine surgeries in rural settings.  There is need to improve access to spine care in the rural environments.

A 3 Year Review of Spine Surgeries in a New Neurosurgery Centre in an Urban Specialist Health Facility in Southeast Nigeria

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Background: The Imo State Specialist Hospital (IMSSH) commenced neurosurgical services in April 2021 and spine procedures in August 2021. This is an audit of spine pathologies surgically managed in the hospital in her first 3 years since spine surgeries were commenced.

Aims: The study aims to look at the pattern of spinal pathologies surgically managed in the hospital from the commencement of spine services, including their age and sex distribution, the pathologies and their spinal distribution.

Methods: Neurosurgery operating room records were utilized to retrieve the case files of all spine patients who had surgical operations at IMSSH from August 2021 to July 2024 (36 months), and these were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: One hundred and fifty-seven (157) spine patients had surgical operations during the study period (an average of 4 spine surgeries per month). The mean age of patients was 54±16.03 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1. The mean age for male patients was 53±17.18 years while that of female patients was 55±14.05 years. The peak age range at presentation was in the elderly age group, 60 – 79 years (n=68, 43.3%), followed by the middle age group, 40 – 59 years (n=58, 36.9%). The highest frequency of spine surgeries was performed in the lumbar (n=43, 27.3%), lumbosacral (n=42, 26.8%) and cervical spines (n=42, 26.8%) almost in equal proportion. This was followed by thoracolumbar junction (n=13, 8.3%) and thoracic spine (n=8, 5.1%), while cervicothoracic junction, sacral and lumbosacropelvic accounted for 1.9% (n=3) each. Degenerative spine diseases (71.9%) accounted for the highest number of spine surgeries, followed by spinal trauma (19.7%) and spinal tumours (3.9%).

Conclusion: The study showed a male preponderance for spinal pathologies surgically managed in the hospital, and most of the pathologies were due to degenerative spine diseases. It also highlights the fact that spine pathologies are not rare in our environment, and more doctors should be encouraged to become spine surgeons to help in tackling these pathologies in our environment.

Urban Farming in Food Security Efforts at Household Level in Indonesia: Systematic Review

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Acute nutritional problems occur due to nutritional problems caused by events in a short time. For example, disease outbreaks and lack of food (hunger) that causes emaciation. This is also what underlies the occurrence of acute nutritional problems during the Covid 19 pandemic. Food access is directly affected by urban communities, especially the urban poor. One form of the system of family food security is to increase the availability of food at the household level, especially in urban areas, namely the urban farming system. The author uses two methods to search for articles about urban farming, namely PubmEd, Science Direct and Google Schoolar. Search using keywords Urban farming, food security and Indonesia. Based on the initial search, 43 research articles were found and then identification was carried out so that they became 12 articles. The results of the search found that urban farming can increase family food security, the types of plants grown are vegetables and fruits, and the problems encountered are communication problems, level of knowledge and skills related to urban farming.