Articles

Gastroenteritis: A Comprehensive Review

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Gastroenteritis, commonly referred to as stomach flu, is an acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, marked by symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of gastroenteritis, addressing its etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies. The condition is caused by a variety of infectious agents such as viruses (noroviruses, rotaviruses), bacteria (Campylobacter, Salmonella), and parasites (Giardia lamblia), with transmission typically occurring through contaminated food, water, or person-to-person contact. Globally, gastroenteritis remains a significant public health issue, with high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in children under five in developing countries. Diagnosis often relies on clinical evaluation and laboratory tests, while management focuses on rehydration therapy and symptomatic relief. Preventive measures include personal hygiene, food safety practices, environmental sanitation, and vaccination, with rotavirus vaccines significantly reducing severe cases in children. Emerging trends in gastroenteritis research aim at developing rapid diagnostic tools, novel therapeutic approaches, and new vaccines, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the global impact of this disease.

Evaluation of Prevention of Patients at Risk of Falls in Nurses in Inpatient Department: A Qualitative Case Study

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Patient safety is an essential component of quality health services. However, patient care still has shortcomings, especially in patient safety incidents such as patients being injured due to falls. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of prevention for patients at risk of falling in nurses in the inpatient department in a hospital setting. This qualitative research with a case study approach was conducted from February to April 2024 in a government hospital in Lampung, Indonesia. A total of 20 informants consisting of 10 implementing nurses as the primary informants, one head of nursing, one secretary of the Committee for Improving Quality and Patient Safety, five heads of inpatient rooms, and three patients at risk of falling as supporting informants were recruited purposively. In-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and observations were conducted for data collection. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The implementation of prevention of patients at risk of falling in nurses in the inpatient department has been employed in the form of providing facilities, facilities, and completeness of the assessment form for patients at risk of falling, and the existence of standard operational procedures on prevention of patients at risk of falling. However, some of the available facilities are damaged and must be repaired. In addition, some nurses still need to learn how to conduct a fall risk assessment. It is recommended that the director and hospital management immediately improve facilities to support the implementation of fall risk prevention and that there be regular training for all nurses related to filling out fall risk assessments in the hospital.

Diabetes Mellitus: A Leading Cause of Death Worldwide

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Diabetes mellitus, or commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia which results in insulin resistance, impaired insulin synthesis, or sometimes both. Diabetes affects roughly 400 million people worldwide and the majority being those who are from middle to low income countries. With 1.5 million diabetes related deaths worldwide each year, this literature review aims to give information about the 2 types of diabetes and also highlighting the appropriate preventative measures. Type 1 diabetes refers to the lack of insulin production and type 2 diabetes refers to lower production of insulin and increased insulin resistance; both will result in hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Furthermore, this literature review also aims to explore and describe the pathogenesis and treatments of the 2 types of diabetes.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Risk Factors of Preurolitiasis and Urolitiasis in Farmers’ Population

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The farmer population was isolated by the absolute selection, in the climatic conditions of the Fergana Valley (2551). Of these, 2478 (men – 1270 and women – 1208) were fully examined. Participation in the study was 96.6 percent. The prevalence of common risk factors in a farmer population using epidemiological, survey, biochemical, and instrumental methods are characterized by high rates and have gender–age characteristics. Risk factors vary sharply with age and increase. Farmers have developed inconsistent epidemiological conditions predisposing them to pre–urolithiasis and urolithiasis, and hence their correction leads to success in primary and secondary prevention.

Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pre-School Children

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The article is devoted to the role of iron, vitamins and minerals in the development of iron deficiency anaemia in children of early and pre-school age. Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most common nutritional-dependent states in the world, which, according to WHO [1], affects more than 1.5 billion people. Iron deficiency is in the form of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) [1, 2] in about half of the cases (over 700 million of the world’s population). ID is mostly due to nutritional reasons, but age and socio-economic factors are also important.