Articles

The Effect of Substituting Concentrate with Different Levels of Gliricidia sepium Leaves in a Complete Feed on Nutrient Content, Crude Fiber Fractions, Digestibility, and In Vitro Fermentation Products

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting concentrate with different levels of Gliricidia (Gamal) leaves in a complete feed on nutrient content, fiber fractions, digestibility, and fermentation products through in vitro analysis, as well as to determine the optimal level of Gliricidia leaf inclusion for producing high-quality complete feed. The method used in this study was a field experimental method for feed preparation, employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to analyze nutrient content, crude fiber fraction components, and in vitro observation variables with four treatments and four replications. The highest NDF and ADF contents were observed in the control diet (P0), at 41.49% and 25.21%, respectively, while the lowest values were found in the P3 treatment, at 26.08% and 21.60%. Based on the analysis of variance, the dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) showed significant differences (P<0.01), with the P3 treatment having the highest values of 66.34% and 71.43%, respectively. Gas production from the 2nd to the 48th hour showed significant differences (P<0.01). The treatment diets showed a significant effect (P<0.01) on DMD and OMD, with the highest values in P3 (75.88% and 82.79%). Ammonia (NH₃) concentration measurements also showed significant differences (P<0.01). The results of microbial protein synthesis measurement after 48 hours of incubation showed a P-value > 0.05, with the highest value observed in treatment P3 at 44.024 g N/kg OMTR.

The Influence of Lipase Enzyme Level and Ca(OH)2 Usage in the Production of Protected Lemuru Fish Oil Supplement on the Texture, Nutrient Content, and Fatty Acid Value of the Product

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The scarcity of  feed energy source to ruminant can be anticipated by adding oil to the feed. However, the effect of adding oil to the feed more than 7% will reduce the activity of fiber-degrading microbes because fat is toxic. In addition, fat in the feed will easily undergo biohydrogenation by rumen microbes so that it will reduce its function. Making fat protection feed using lemuru fish oil with a combination of lipase enzymes and Ca(OH)2 can be a solution because it aims to protect fat from biohydrogenation in the rumen. The experiment used a completely randomized design method with a 3×2 factorial pattern with factors 1) lipase enzyme (0%, 0.5%, and 1%) and factor 2) Ca(OH)2 (20% and 25%). The product results obtained showed that the product quality was in good condition with the product hardness criteria at number 4 (hard). Analysis of variance showed no significant effect on interaction,enzyme factor and Ca(OH)2 factor (P>0.05) on DM, OM, CF and acid number where the combination of L1K20 treatment (1% enzyme and 20% Ca(OH)2) produced the highest DM content of 90.25±1.12%; OM 81.98±1.35%; CF 14.62±0.53%; and the lowest acid number of 0.54±.0.06 mg KOH/g sample. The conclusion that can be given is that the use of a combination of 1% lipase enzyme and 20% Ca(OH)2 in fat protection products produces good quality products in terms of product hardness, high nutrient content and low acid number according to the standard fatty acid number below 1 mg KOH/g sample.

The Effect of Shade and NPK Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Asystasia gangetica as a Forage

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Asystasia gangetica is a weed usually found in oil palm plantations, which is used as a source of forage and cultivated at a known effective shade level and optimal fertilizer dosage. Therefore, this study was carried out at a place without shade (NS) and 75% of shading net (S) at the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia. The seedlings used were planted and fertilized with NPK at doses of 0 g, 1.6 g, and 3.2 g per polybag. The results showed that the level of shade affected plant height, several branches, yield of dry matter shoot, the content of chlorophyll a, b, and a/b content, CP, CF, EE, NFE, and ash, but not on chlorophyll a+b. The dosage of NPK fertilizer affected plant height, the number of branches, yield of dry matter, chlorophyll a, b, and a+b content, CP, CF, EE, NFE, and ash content, while chlorophyll a/b ratio was not influenced. The interaction between shade level and NPK fertilizer dose only occurred in the number of branches, chlorophyll a, b, and b+c content, CP, CF, EE, and ash content, but not on chlorophyll a/b ratio and NFE content. The flowering rate was faster in NS plants, where those with NPK fertilizer dose of 0.32 g/polybag gave the highest yield, except for CP and ash content which had the highest yields on S plants with 0.32 g NPK/polybag.