Articles

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in Tehsil Bah, Agra, India

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A higher agricultural yield depends on the quality of the water used. A significant source for irrigation is groundwater. 84 separate study locations had groundwater samples that were collected and analysed using the procedures outlined in the 2017 American Public Health Association, 23rd Edition (APHA). Tehsil Bah in the Agra district of Uttar Pradesh had its groundwater quality evaluated for irrigation purposes. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Kelley’s Index (KI), base exchange index, and meteoric genesis index were used to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation. 96.4 percent of groundwater samples were deemed inappropriate for irrigation according to the Wilcox diagram, with 3.6 percent of samples falling into the questionable to unsuitable category. All the samples fall into the C3-S1 and C3-S2 water classes, which denote water with a high salinity hazard and a moderate to medium sodium hazard, according to SAR and electrical conductivity values plotted in the US salinity diagram. The amount of dissolved substances in groundwater determined its suitability for irrigation. According to the classification, all of the reported values of Na percent fall into the good and medium category. RSC values range from -3.61 to 4.24, with 7.1 percent of samples falling into the bad and very bad category and not suitable for irrigation use, while the remaining 92.9 percent of samples fall into the excellent, good, and medium category.

Study on Comparative Analysis of Polymerization of Pyrrole Using Electrochemical Method and UV Photo Irradiation

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Polymerization of pyrrole using various methods like pyrrole using electrochemical method and UV Photo irradiation has been investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to study the internal structure, material morphology, chemical nature of conducting polymers. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of the Polypyrrole, Their behavior resemble the metallic conductors.

Comparative Study of Synthesis of Polypyrrole Using Chemical Polymerization Technique and Plasmapolymerization

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Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized using the Chemical polymerization technique using Ammonium per sulphate (APS), as an oxidant and Plasma Polymerization technique. The polypyrrole synthesized by the chemical oxidation method was in black amorphous powder form. In Plasma polymerization, thin films were created on a glass plate. Structural and morphological properties of the polymer were studied by FTIR, SEM and. X-ray diffraction. The electrical conductivity of chemically prepared PPy was measured by two probe method and was found to be in the range of 10−3 to 10−2 S/cm for chemical oxidative method, while that of Plasma polymerization it was around 10−3 S/cm. Other characterization also shows that Chemical polymerization has an edge over plasma polymerization, but plasma polymerization is more impurity-free than chemical polymerization.