Articles

Ethosomes in Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery: A Review

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The skin is one of the most extensive and readily accessible organs of the human body, and its use as a route for drug delivery offers numerous advantages over traditional drug delivery systems. These advantages include lower fluctuations in plasma drug levels, avoidance of gastrointestinal disturbances and first-pass metabolism, as well as improved patient compliance. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are defined as self-contained, discrete dosage forms that, when applied to intact skin, deliver of drugs at the controlled rate to the systemic circulation Ethosomes, developed from Touitou et al. in 1997, are novel lipid carriers composed of ethanol, phospholipids and water. These ethosomes are designed as non-invasive drug carrier system that can permeate the skin, fuse with cell membrane lipids, and release the drug. Ethosomes can be formulated using either hot or cold methods. Evaluation parameters for ethosomes include size, shape, drug content and zeta potential. Ethosomes have been successfully evaluated for the delivery of various drugs, including cyclosporine a insulin and salbutamol. Overall, ethosomes hold great potential as an important drug delivery tool in the future.

The Effect of Nanogold-Nanosilver to Boost Immunity in People Affected (Reactive and Positive) by Covid-19

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COVID-19 virus outbreak was first found in Wuhan China. The current COVID-19 is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2). The interaction of the virus with the immune system causes the immunity of people affected by the outbreak to decrease. The combination of nanogold and nanosilver, that is an antimicrobial and antiviral agent, can inhibit the replication of the COVID-19 virus an d act as drug delivery. This research aims to determine the effect of nanogold-nanosilver that can increase immunity in people who are positively affected by the COVID-19 virus. The method used in this research was quantitative descriptive by describing the effect of the nanogold-nanosilver health drink given to increasing human immunity exposed to the COVID-19 virus seen from the number of respondent cures. The respondents consumed 500 mL of health drinks containing nanogold and nanosilver compounds with a concentration of 2 ppm per day. Based on the data obtained, the combination of nanogold and nanosilver could increase the immunity of people affected by COVID-19, marked by physical changes that became healthier, fitter and negative swab test results and accelerate the healing of COVID-19 patients.

Formulation Development, Characterization and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Cefazolin Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

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The main aims of this manuscript are to: i) investigate the high drug loading of cefazolin and its characterization, ii), demonstrate the bioactivity of the cefazolin particles in vitro on Staphylococcus aureus. From our results, it is observed that the cefazolin loading into MCM-41 particles is 34 wt %. Furthermore, particles showed the burst release of cefazolin at pH 6.8.  At higher concentration, MCM-41 particles are comparatively more cytotoxic as compared to lower concentration. Finally, cefazolin loaded particles showed higher in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus as compared to cefazolin only.