Articles

Phytomining as an Emerging Metal Recovery Route: A Critical Review of Plant Uptake Mechanisms, Processing Strategies, And Industrial Constraints (2020–2025)

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Phytomining has re-emerged as a promising strategy for the sustainable recovery of valuable and critical metals from soils, mine tailings, and industrial residues, while simultaneously contributing to environmental remediation. This critical review synthesizes advances published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on the biological, agronomic, and metallurgical foundations that govern phytomining performance and scalability. Recent progress in hyperaccumulator selection, soil amendments, plant–microbe interactions, and biomass processing has expanded the range of target metals beyond nickel to include gold, platinum-group metals, rare-earth elements, and scandium. However, field-scale deployment remains constrained by trade-offs between biomass productivity and metal concentration, as well as by the efficiency and cost of downstream ash processing and metal recovery. By integrating reported case studies, techno-economic assessments, and environmental indicators, this review positions phytomining within circular economy and nature-based remediation frameworks. Key knowledge gaps have been identified in process integration, quantitative performance metrics, and long-term sustainability, providing a roadmap for transitioning phytomining from experimental trials to industrially relevant applications.

Optimizing Reverse Logistics in Manufacturing Production Processes

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This study investigates the optimization of reverse logistics in manufacturing enterprises, emphasizing its role as an essential component of modern supply chain management and a strategic instrument for sustainable development. The paper first reviews and systematizes the theoretical foundations of reverse logistics, clarifying its concepts, characteristics, and scope of application, as well as its linkages with supply chain management and the circular economy. On this basis, an analytical framework is developed to evaluate the level of reverse logistics implementation in manufacturing firms in Vietnam, with a focus on product return management, reverse material flow handling, internal coordination mechanisms, and the integration of environmental objectives into production and business strategies.

The analysis of empirical evidence highlights several key challenges in the adoption of reverse logistics, including limitations in managerial capabilities, infrastructure, financial and technological resources, and insufficient awareness of the long-term economic and environmental benefits. In response, the study proposes a set of comprehensive and feasible solutions aimed at improving internal governance, enhancing coordination across supply chain stages, and promoting the adoption of management models consistent with circular economy principles. These measures are expected to improve operational efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and strengthen the competitive position of manufacturing enterprises in the context of economic integration and increasing sustainability requirements.

Implementation of End-to-End Circular Economy in Dairy Farming: A Case Study of KOP SAE Pujon, Indonesia

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This study was conducted at KOP SAE, Pujon District, Malang Regency, East Java Province, with the aim of identifying the application of the 5R principles (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refurbish, and Renew) in the circular economy across three main sectors: the upstream sector (dairy cattle farming), the processing sector (dairy processing industry), and the downstream sector (cafe units and souvenir shops). Additionally, this study aims to explore the economic potential generated from the implementation of these principles. The respondents in this study consisted of three key informants selected purposively, namely (1) the Head of the Dairy Cattle Development and Resource Unit, (2) the Head of the Cattle Maintenance Unit, and (3) the Head of the Cafe and Souvenir Shop Unit. Data collection was conducted over a one-month period, from May 21 to June 21, 2024, using three main methods: questionnaire distribution, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data obtained were analyzed based on the 5R principles of the circular economy to measure the level of sustainability in each sector. The research results indicate that the three sectors observed have made significant efforts to apply the 5R principles, but their benefits for the environment, society, and economy have not been fully realized. In the upstream sector (dairy cattle farming), the application of the 5R principles averaged over 51%. In the milk processing sector, the application was higher, averaging above 76%. Meanwhile, in the downstream sector (cafés and souvenir shops), the implementation rate of the 5R principles averaged over 50%. From an economic perspective, the implementation of the circular economy has produced tangible impacts. The utilization of biogas from livestock waste can generate approximately 120 3-kg LPG cylinders every year, which, when converted economically, is equivalent to IDR 2,400,000. The R/C ratio from biogas utilization reaches 1.11, indicating that this venture is profitable and economically viable. Pasteurized milk processing generates an added value of IDR 9,750/liter of raw material, with an added value ratio of 49.3%. Meanwhile, yogurt processing provides a higher added value of IDR 17,160/liter and generates a company profit of 59.27%. The profit margin from the sale of dairy products by KOP SAE reaches 20%, indicating that the company’s profitability is in a healthy category.

EcoCycle: A Deep Learning-Based Waste Categorization and Management System for Sustainable Smart Cities

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Waste management is a critical environmental and economic issue worldwide. Existing waste segregation ac- tivities are inefficient, resulting in high landfill contributions and environmental contamination. In this paper, an artificial intelligence-based waste categorization and management system, EcoCycle, is proposed that utilizes deep learning models like VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet121 for automatic classification of waste materials. EcoCycle is equipped with a gamification system based on mobile, a marketplace for recyclables supported by blockchain, and an IoT-based network of intelligent bins for real-time monitoring. Experimental results show 92.36% classification accuracy with DenseNet121, which is improved compared to other implementation results. User survey with 500 users shows a 98% positive effect on user experience and increased awareness about sus- tainability issues. The proposed system contributes significantly towards processes related to circular economies and the goals of smart city initiatives, and it has high global applicability potential for urban waste management systems.

The Future of E-Waste Recycling: Emerging Technologies and Practices Evaluating the Social and Economic Benefits of Advanced E-Waste Recycling Technologies

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The exponential development in electronic waste (e-waste) has become an urgent global concern, necessitating new and sustainable recycling solutions. Emerging technologies, including bioleaching, robots, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven material recovery, present prospects to transform e-waste management by enhancing resource recovery, minimizing environmental impact, and boosting social and economic growth. This study assesses the effectiveness of these sophisticated recycling technologies, concentrating on their economic viability, environmental sustainability, and societal advantages. A mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative data analysis and qualitative insights, gives a full appraisal of the revolutionary potential of these technologies in the context of a circular economy.

A Comprehensive Review of Engineering Strategies for Environmental Sustainability in Sustainable Waste Management

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Waste management and environmental sustainability are intricately linked aspects crucial for maintaining ecological balance and human well-being. This study synthesizes research findings and scholarly insights to underscore the significance of effective waste management practices in achieving environmental sustainability goals.  It examines waste treatment approaches, including recycling, waste-to-energy systems, and waste reduction strategies, highlighting their role in mitigating environmental impact. Additionally, the study explores the environmental consequences of inadequate waste management, emphasizing the urgent need for holistic solutions to address water, soil, and air pollution. Engineering solutions for sustainable waste management, such as the 3R principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), thermal treatment methods, and landfill management, are discussed as essential components of a comprehensive strategy. By integrating these approaches, policymakers, industries, and communities can minimize waste generation, conserve resources, and safeguard the environment for current and future generations. Challenges like regulatory barriers, lack of awareness, and inadequate infrastructure pose obstacles to sustainable waste management practices. Thus, a collaborative effort involving governments, businesses, and civil society is crucial to implementing effective waste management policies and initiatives. Through concerted action, we can transition to a circular economy model that promotes resource efficiency, environmental protection, and human well-being on a global scale.

Circular Economy Transformation in Chemical Industry: Integrating CRM and AI for Sustainable Growth

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This white paper explores the pivotal role of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in the digital transformation journey of the chemical industry. As customer expectations continue to evolve and competition intensifies, chemical companies are turning to CRM solutions to enhance customer interactions, streamline operations, and drive business growth. The abstract provides an overview of CRM’s significance in the chemical sector, highlighting its role in customer segmentation, sales automation, marketing optimization, and customer service enhancement. By centralizing and optimizing customer-related processes, CRM enables chemical companies to deliver personalized experiences, improve sales productivity, and foster stronger customer relationships. Through a comprehensive examination of CRM implementations and potential applications in the chemical industry, this white paper aims to provide valuable insights for industry professionals seeking to leverage CRM to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the digital age.

Implementation Strategy “3R CIRCULAR ECONOMY” To Achieve SDG Target 11.6 “Municipal Waste Management” In Cipaganti Village, Bandung City (Study at the Cihampelas Mandiri Unit Garbage Bank)

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Good municipal waste management is very important for a sustainable urban order. Good municipal waste management can reduce negative impacts on the environment, public health and natural resources. The application of a Garbage Bank is one of the solutions for good municipal waste management. This is due to the concept of a Garbage Bank which is aligned with sustainable city management. One of the principles that is effective in helping the performance of waste management at the Garbage Bank is a circular economy based on 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle). The application of this concept needs to be supported by campaigns involving various activities such as outreach, education, training and promotion which aim to increase public awareness about the importance of sustainable waste management. This study aims to examine the Garbage Bank campaign strategy as an effort to support the achievement of Target 11.6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), namely “Urban Waste Management”, by implementing a 3R-based circular economy approach in Cipaganti Village, Bandung City. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method of a Garbage Bank in Cipaganti Village, Bandung City. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and analysis of related documents. The key informants in this study were community members, related stakeholders, and the management of the Waste Bank in Cipaganti Village. The results of this study are expected to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of the Garbage Bank campaign strategy in realizing SDG Target 11.6 in Cipaganti Village, Bandung City, as well as provide guidance for the government and related organizations in planning and implementing sustainable waste management activitiesgovernment and related organizations in planning and implementing sustainable waste management activities.

Some Solutions to Promote the Circular Economy toward Sustainable Development in Vietnam

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The recent global economic growth has reached many significant milestones, however, there is a problem with natural resources shortage and increasing environmental pollution. Circular economic development has become an international trend, especially when the world’s resources are increasingly exhausted, helping to solve the conflict between economic and environmental interests. In the context of international economic integration, Vietnam has signed a lot of new-generation free trade agreements (FTAs) with different countries and economic sectors, including commitments on environmental protection. Hence, adopting the circular economic model in Vietnam is inevitable to achieve sustainable development.

Circular Business Strategy of Early Stage Fashion Brand in Indonesia

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Business with a purpose has become a very popular thing lately. The intended goal is not just profit but what impact a business can have on society. This was agreed collectively at the world level by the UN by implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 17 sub-values. This has an impact on shifting the mindset of consumers who are more concerned with the environment and sustainable business and this has occurred in the fashion industry, both global and local brands. The market value for sustainable fashion is increasing, global brands are adopting campaigns and competing to make circular products, local brands are also joining in with various approaches to adopting sustainable fashion. This is of course an opportunity for businesses on a micro scale or for brands in the early stage. GNDT as a local fashion brand in Indonesia that presents clothing solutions for obese or plus size men has implemented inclusivity in clothing, in line with existing trends and opportunities, business transformation must be carried out to make it more circular. With limited resources and a small business scale, GNDT must determine what approaches and strategies are most effective in turning their business into a more circular one and how to implement it. Value hills are used as a framework for this research in carrying out the stages of business transformation and adoption of a circular business strategy. Focusing on three stages, namely pre-use, use and post-use, businesses are expected to be able to map their business model position on the value hill to be able to identify the initial position of their business (uphill), how to optimize the products they sell (tophill) and how far what is the possibility that the product can be returned after use. Furthermore, businesses can identify gaps and opportunities in value hills and determine what strategic options are fit that can be carried out at this time in accordance with the resources they have. This research was conducted qualitatively using observation and brainstorming methods with business owners. The results of the business model assessment and placement on value hills indicate that GNDT must implement a circular strategy at each stage. At the uphill stage, circular design is determined as the most effective strategy, followed by a product as a service strategy for the tophill phase and upcycling for the downhill phase. All of this is wrapped up in a fundamental network organization strategy where GNDT must prepare internal organizations and potential collaboration with partners to realize this strategy.