Articles

Design and build an Arduino-Based Inverse Time and Constant Time Overcurrent Protection Relay

/in /by

This study discusses the design and implementation of a overcurrent protection system using two types of relays, namely Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays and Constant Time Overcurrent Relays based on Arduino Uno microcontrollers. The system is designed to detect and respond to overcurrent disturbances that occur at resistor loads using current sensors, relay modules, and LCD displays. In an inverse time system, the disconnection time depends on the magnitude of the interference current, where the larger the current, the faster the relay works. On the other hand, in a constant time system, the relay will cut off the current at a predetermined time, regardless of the size of the current. The Arduino Uno acts as a controller brain that processes data from the current sensor and determines the disconnection logic. The test was carried out to evaluate the relay working time characteristics of the interference current variation as well as the effect of the multiplier factor value on the disconnection speed. In addition, the system is also equipped with a PZEM-004T CT module for real-time monitoring of electrical parameters and a 16 2 LCD display as a user interface. The test results show that the system is able to work effectively according to the characteristics of each type of relay. This prototype offers a practical and economical solution in the simulation of electrical protection systems, particularly in microcontroller-based learning and development environments.​

An Embedded System Approach for Real-Time Attendance and Hall Occupancy Management Using Arduino and GSM Technologies

/in /by

Efficient monitoring of hall occupancy and attendance is crucial in contemporary institutional settings for ensuring safety, facilitating planning, and optimizing resources. This paper details the design and implementation of a real-time attendance and hall management system leveraging embedded system technologies. The system employs a dual infrared (IR) sensor configuration for directional entry-exit detection, an ultrasonic sensor for proximity validation, an I²C-based LCD for real-time occupancy display, and a GSM module for SMS alerts when the hall reaches maximum capacity. The Arduino Uno microcontroller serves as the system’s control unit, integrating sensor inputs and executing logical decisions. Tests conducted in the Nyesom Wike Senate Building at Rivers State University demonstrated the system’s capability to monitor up to 20 occupants with an accuracy rate of 98.7%. This system provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for managing public hall capacity, mitigating overcrowding, and enhancing institutional safety.

Design and Construction of the Standard Inverse and Constant Time Overcurrent Relay Simulator Based on Arduino

/in /by

Overcurrent relay as one of the protection systems in the electricity distribution network has been improved in performance through the implementation of microcontrollers. To simulate the work of overcurrent relays, an Arduino module based on Atmega328P can be used to study the working algorithm of overcurrent relays. This research aims to design and build  an Arduino-based overcurrent relay simulator  with two working time characteristics, namely standard inverse and constant time. The simulator is equipped with a CT-based current sensor and a PZEM-004T module to read the current, as well as using a 20×4 I2C LCD and  a 4×4 Keypad as the user interface. Once the simulator is designed, the next step is testing to measure the accuracy of the sensor readings and the performance of the relay at various variations of current and timing settings. The test is performed at a voltage of 220 Volt Alternating Current (AC) and at a variety of current variations i.e., 0.5 A, 1 A and 1.5 A currents.  The test results showed that the system was able to work according to the characteristics of standard inverse and constant time with an average  error of measurement of the relay working time  of less than 2% for standard inverse and 0% for constant time. This proves that this Arduino-based overcurrent protection system is accurate and responsive.

Arduino-Based Overcurrent Relay Design with Very Inverse Type

/in /by

The protection system is a very important system in the electric power system, because this protection system functions as a safety for electrical equipment from abnormal events or disturbances. In this study ever current relay is used as a protection system, over current relay works based on the current value measured by the PZEM-004T current sensor. The value of the current sensor will be output from the arduino to the relay module, so that the relay will work according to the current limit setting that will be progammed on the UNO arduino as a command to the relay module to break or connect the current in the circuit. The current value and the state of the overcurrent relay will be displayed on the LCD that receives input from the arduino Uno. Very inverse type overcurrent relay (OCR) is one type of OCR that has a longer trip delay time for smaller fault currents and faster at large currents. This allows the system to aperate again faster after a small disturbance. This research aims to design and build dan Arduino-based very inverse type OCR. The system uses PZEM-004T current sensor to detect the current and Arduino Uno microcontroller to process the data and control the relay. The characteristics of the trip delay time of the very inverse type OCR are programmed according to the IEEE C37.122 Standard. With TMS values ranging from 0.01 to 13 seconds. The programme is given setting current value of 2 Amperes and a TMS value of 0.05 seconds. In the test carried out, it was found that the current and trip time were directly proportional to the simulation experiments in ETAP although there was still a slight difference in the tiime difference in current disconnection based on the comparison curve.

Design and Construction of Thermal Overload Relay (Siemens 3ua50) Based on Arduino Uno

/in /by

A Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) is a device in an electric motor protection system designed to safeguard the motor from damage due to overheating or overcurrent. This research discusses the design and implementation of a Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) based on Arduino Uno, which is a popular and flexible microcontroller platform. This design includes the PZEM-004T sensor to detect the electrical current and temperature of the electric motor. The design integrates the advantages of the PZEM-004T sensor in accurately measuring current and voltage with the flexibility and programming capabilities of Arduino in control and data processing. This system utilizes Arduino’s communication capabilities to transmit current and temperature data in real-time, enabling remote monitoring and quick response to potentially hazardous conditions. The result of this project is a tool that can replace the function of the TOR itself, where the characteristics produced are close to those of conventional TORs, and the thermal principle in the TOR is regulated with a time delay disconnection in the Arduino program.