Abstract :
Instructional leadership, competency skills and supervisory practices are crucial factors in ensuring STEM learning continuity during class disruptions, yet the correlation among these variables as predictors of learning continuity in STEM education need further explorations. In this study, the researcher investigates these dynamics among curriculum implementers in the City Schools Division of Cabuyao in the SY 2025-2026. Using a descriptive correlational research design, the study determines the level of instructional leadership, competency-skills, supervisory practices and how they affect the STEM Learning Continuity during class disruptions. Using purposive sampling, 340 curriculum implementers responded to a validated survey questionnaire which was analyzed Pearson moment correlation and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS software. The findings indicated a very high level of supervisory practices (mean=3.66, SD=0.28), followed by competency skills (mean= 3.52, SD=0.44), and instructional leadership (mean=3.57, SD=0.30), among curriculum implementers. The level of STEM learning continuity (mean=3.61, SD=0.27) was also found very high. The test of significance unveiled a strong and significant correlation between instructional leadership and competency-skills (r = 0.620) and between instructional leadership and supervisory practices (r = 0.632), while a moderate yet significant correlation between competency skills and supervisory practices (r = 0.568) at p-value <0.001. Regression analysis revealed that instructional leadership, competency skills and supervisory practices are significant moderate predictors of STEM learning continuity (R2= 0.423, Adj.R2 = 0.418 at p-value <0.001). It was further revealed that only instructional leadership (ꟕ=0.150, P-value = 0.11) and supervisory practices (ꟕ=0.472, P-value=<0.001) are significant predictors of STEM learning continuity during class disruptions. Based on these results, the researcher recommends implementing MLMN Model: A Systems and Leadership Approach on STEM Learning Continuity as a guide for curriculum implementers in ensuring STEM learning continuity during class disruptions.
Keywords :
Class Disruptions, Competency Skills, Curriculum Implementers, Instructional Leadership, STEM Learning Continuity., Supervisory PracticesReferences :
- Abio, K. B. C. (2026). School head’s instructional leadership practices in public schools. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science.
- Bixler, K., & Ceballos, M. (2025). Principals Leading AI in Schools for Instructional Leadership: Conceptual Model for Principal AI Use. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 24(1), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2024.2428297
- Akomodi, J. O. 2025. In-Depth Analysis: The Importance of Instructional Leadership in Education. DOI: 4236/ojl.2025.142008 https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=142021&utm_source=
- Amri, S., et al. (2024). Influence of instructional leadership and academic supervision on the quality of learning. Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 12(1), 45-60.
- Aquino, J. M. D. R. (2025). Best practices of high-performing higher education institutions in the Philippines towards the development of a harmonized quality-assured instructional leadership framework. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1663289. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1663289
- Aquino, C., Afalla,B. & Fabelico, F. (2021). Managing educational institutions: School Heads leadership practices and teachers` performance. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE). Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2021.
- Amor, R,C. et.al. 2025. School Heads’ Supervisory Practices and Teachers’ Teaching Performance in Almagro District. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies. Vol. V, Issue 7 July 2025. eISSN: 2799-0664https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2240710
- Baniqued, W. B., & Bautista, R. G. (2024). Teachers’ preparedness on pedagogical practices in K-12 science education: Foundations for crafting an effective science program. American Journal of Educational Research, 12(8), 291-297. 20(5), em2440. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/14453
- Bouchrika, I. (2024). What is systems theory? Social work theories in https://research.com/education/what-is-systems-theory
- Capillanes, M. J. A. (2025). School heads’ instructional leadership on teachers’ work performance. GEO Academic Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.56738/issn29603986.geo2025.6.115. sustainable development program.
- Daigon, M. E., & Alcopra, A. R. (2024). Instructional supervision practices and efficacy of International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis.
- Darling-Hammond, L., Schachner, A., & Edgerton, A. (2021). Restarting and reinventing school: Learning in the time of COVID and beyond. Learning Policy Institute.
- Dayagbil, F. T., Palompon, D. R., Garcia, L. L., & Olvido, M. M. J. (2021). Teaching and learning continuity amid and beyond the pandemic. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.678692
- DepEd Order No. 12, s. 2024. Amendment to DepEd Order No. 10,s. 2024. Policy Guidelines on the Implementation of the MATATAG Curriculum.
- 2024. DepEd pushes for learning continuity amid disasters, updates class suspension guidelines. Retrieved online at https://www.deped.gov.ph/2024/12/27/deped-pushes-for-learning-continuity-a/mid-disasters-updates-class-suspension-guidelines on December 2,2025.
- Go, M., & Eslabon, J. (2024). School heads’ instructional supervisory skills and teachers’ performance. Philippine Global Journal of Social Research and Teaching.
- Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (2022). Instructional leadership and school improvement: A 40-year retrospective. Journal of Educational Administration, 60(4).
- Hallinger, P., & Walker, A. (2021). Leading learning in Asia: Emerging empirical insights from five societies. Journal of Educational Administration, 59(2), 197–214.
- Hahn, A. (2021). Instructional supervision. EBSCO Research Starters.
- Hasanah, U. (2020). Key definitions of STEM education: Literature review. Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 16(3), Article e2217. https://doi.org/10.29333/ijese/8336
- He, P., Guo, F., & Abazie, G. A. (2024). School principals’ instructional leadership as a predictor of teachers’ professional development. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 9, Article 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-024-00290-0.
- Irfan, M., Kusumaningrum, B., Yulya, Y., & Widodo, S. (2020). Challenges during the pandemic: Use of e-learning in mathematics learning in higher education. Infinity Journal, 9(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v9i2.p147-158
- Kraft, M. A., & Papay, J. P. (2021). Developing effective teachers: What we know about professional development and coaching. Educational Evaluation and Policy.
- Landicho, C. J. (2021). Changes, challenges, and opportunities in teaching senior high school Earth science. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 6(1), 55–57.
- Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisitedSchool Leadership & Management, 40,1, 5-22.
- Le Fevre, D.L. (2021). Instructional Leadership and Why it Matters. https://theeducationhub.org.nz/instructional-leadership-and-why-it-matters/
- Liu, S., & Hallinger, P. (2022). Principal instructional leadership, teacher collaboration, and student learning outcomes: A multilevel analysis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(3), 1–20.
- Ma, X., & Marion, R. (2024). Perceptions and practices of principals: Examining instructional leadership for curriculum reform. Frontiers in Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1591106
- OECD,2023. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/pisa.html
- Pana, E. (2024). School heads’ instructional leadership and performance: Basis for strategic leadership program. International Journal of Scientific and Management Research, 7(2), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2024.7203
- PIDS (2025). Making Philippine Educations and Reforms Transformative. https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph
- Quilala, R. L., & Tantiado, R. C. (2025). Instructional supervision and teachers’ efficacy. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis.
- Rivera, B.H. Jr. 2024. Relationship of Instructional Leadership Practices among Schools Administrators and School Performance: Input Development of Annual Improvement Plan. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.807040
- Rivera, JP R., Sinsay-Villanueva,L.M., Tanyag, I.H., Garcia,G.D., Berroya,J.D. and Lim,V.L. 2025). Revitalizing the Philippine education system: Facilitating access and participation to In-Service Training (INSET) and Teacher Professional..Development (TPD). Second Congressional Commission on Education
- Rodulfa, L. (2023). School heads’ instructional leadership and teachers’ sense of efficacy in the implementation of blended teaching modality. AIDE Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.56648/aide-irj.v2i1.35
- Sebastian, J., Allensworth, E., Wiedermann, W., Hochbein, C., & Cunningham, M. (2021). Principal leadership and school performance: An examination of instructional leadership and organizational management. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(3), 1–38.
- Shaked, H. (2024). How principals’ instructional leadership impacts schools’ middle leadership. Educ. Manag. Adm. Leaders. 53, 977–990. doi: 10.1177/17411432241238888
- Shahat, M. A., et al. (2025). Enhancing middle school science education: Evaluating a competency-based STEM training program for teachers. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11. sciencedirect.com/journal/social-sciences-and-humanities-open
- Tan, C., Chua, C., & Goh, K. (2023). Instructional leadership in STEM education: Supporting teachers in blended learning environments. International Journal of STEM Education, 10(45), 1–15.
- Tan, CY, Gao, L & Shi, M. 2020, ‘Second-order meta-analysis synthesizing the evidence on associations between school leadership and different school outcomes’, Educational Management Administration & Leadership, June 2020, pp. 1–22.
- Timona, J. (2025). Influence of principal’s instructional supervisory practices on teacher’s job performance. European Journal of Education Studies, 11(3), 88-104.Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 402-408, December 2023. doi: 10.18178/ijlt.9.4.402-408. https://www.theeducatoronline.com/k12/news/final-report-into-classroom-disruption-released/284053
- (2022). Technology in education: A case study on the Philippines. UNESCO Digital Library. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387743
- (2023). Ensuring effective distance learning during disruptions: Guidelines for education systems. UNESCO Publishing.

