Abstract :

This study examined the factors influencing anxiety disorders experienced by students in e-learning among selected State Universities and Colleges in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). It specifically looked into the students’ demographic profiles such as age, sex, socio-economic status, and group affiliation, as well as how these characteristics relate to their anxiety levels in online learning. The study further explored challenges tied to online attendance, activities and requirements, assessments, gadget possession, and internet access as major contributors to students’ anxiety. Using a cross-sectional survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches, data were collected from 387 respondents through questionnaires and key informant interviews, and analyzed using frequency, percentage, and mean. Findings revealed that demographic factors, along with technical and academic challenges, significantly contributed to the students’ anxiety disorders. Many students were found to experience severe anxiety in adapting to e-learning, emphasizing the need for interventions that address not only financial and technical difficulties but also emotional and spiritual support. The study recommended the formulation of Islamic perspective policy interventions to complement existing psychological treatments. Suggested strategies include institutional support programs such as regular check-ins (“kumustahan”), increased parental and teacher monitoring, and spiritual approaches to help strengthen students’ mental and moral well-being. Ultimately, the research highlights the importance of a holistic approach—academic, emotional, and spiritual—in addressing anxiety disorders in the context of e-learning within BARMM universities.

---

Keywords :

Anxiety, barmm, E-Learning, islamic perspective intervention, socio-economic status

---

References :

1. Abdullah, C. H. B., Abidin, Z. B. Z., Hissan, W. S. M., Kechil, R., Razali, W. N., & Zin, M. Z. M. (2013). The effectiveness of generalized anxiety disorder intervention through Islamic psychotherapy: The preliminary study. Asian Social Science, 9(13), 157. doi:10.5539/ass.v9n13p157. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n13p157
2. Abdullah, C. H., Ismail, H. N., Ahmad, N. S. H., & Hissan, W. S. M. (2012). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from Islamic and Western perspectives. World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 2(1), 44-52.
3. Ajmal, M., & Ahmad, S. (2019). Exploration of Anxiety Factors among Students of Distance Learning: A Case Study of Allama Iqbal Open University. Bulletin of Education and Research, 41(2), 67-78.
4. Amjad, F., & Bokharey, I. Z. (2015). Comparison of spiritual well-being and coping strategies of patients with generalized anxiety disorder and with minor general medical conditions. Journal of religion and health, 54(2), 524-539. DOI 10.1007/s10943-014-9834-2
5. Bisson, K. H. (2017). The Effect of anxiety and depression on college students’ academic performance: Exploring social Support as a moderator. Economic Times. (2022). Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/e-learning
6. Flint, A., Peasley-Miklus, C., Papademetriou, E., Meyers, B., Mulsant, B., Rothschild, A., and Whyte E. (2012). Effect of Age on the Frequency of Anxiety Disorders in Major depression with Psychotic Features. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. Doi: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181c294ac.
7. Hamdan, A. (2008). Cognitive restructuring: An islamic perspective. Journal of Muslim mental health, 3(1), 99-116. DOI: 10.1080/15564900802035268
8. Hoq, M. (2020). “E-Learning during the Period of Pandemic (COVID-19) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Study.” American Journal of Educational Research, vol. 8, no. 7 (2020): 457-464. doi: 10.12691/education-8-7-2. 1.
9. Huberty, T. (2021). Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children: Information for Parents. Retrieved from https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/mental-health/mental-health-disorders/anxiety-and-anxiety-disorders-in-children-information-for-parents
10. Jalnapukar, I., Allen, M. and Pigott, T. (2017). Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders: A Review. Department Of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University Of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, Houston, Texas, United States. Journal of Psychiatry Depression and Anxiety. DOI: 10.24966/PDA 0150/100011
11. Khest-Masjedi, M., Shokrgozar, S., Abdollahi, E., Habibi, B., Asghari, T., Ofoghi, R. and Pazhooman, S. (2019). The Relationship between Gender, Age, Anxiety,Depression and Academic Achievement among Teenagers. J Family Med Prim Care. Doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc 103 18.
12. Mayo Clinic Family Health Book Fifth Edition (2021). Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved.
13. McCarty, C. (2019). Anxiety in Teens is Rising: What is Going On? American Academy of Pediatrics. Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Anxiety-Disorders.aspx
14. Muntaner, C., Eaton, W. Miech, R. and O’Campo, P. (2004). Socioeconomic Position and Major Mental Disorders. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxh001
15. Parekh, R. (2017). what are Anxiety Disorders? American Pyschatric Association. Retrieved from http://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders
16. Radiamoda, A. (2021). Islamic Management in the Shadow of the Holy Qur’an. UIN Jambi, Indonesia.
17. Saade, Raafat & Kira, Dennis & Mak, Tak & Nebebe, Fassil. (2017). Anxiety & Performance in Online Learning. 147-157. DOI: 10.28945/3736.
18. Sifat, R. (2020). Mental Stress, Depression, Anxiety among the University Students in Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1177/0020764020965995
19. Somers, J. M., Goldner, E. M., Waraich, P., & Hsu, L. (2006). Prevalence and incidence studies of anxiety disorders: a systematic review of the literature. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 100-113
20. Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Othman, A., & Awang, M. G. (2010). A research for identifying study anxiety sources among university students. International Education Studies, 3(2), 189-196.
21. Vitasari, P., Wahab, M. N. A., Othman, A., Herawan, T., & Sinnadurai, S. K. (2010). The relationship between study anxiety and academic performance among engineering students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 490-497. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.067.