Abstract :
Orofacial bone defects, particularly alveolar bone loss, are hallmark features of periodontal disease and represent a significant clinical challenge affecting oral function and quality of life. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has emerged as a key pro-inflammatory cytokine mediating the link between periodontal inflammation and osteoclastic bone resorption. This scoping review using keywords related to orofacial bone defects, alveolar bone loss, and IL-1β, published between 2016 and 2026. The studies included experimental models, animal studies, and clinical observations. Results consistently indicate that ligature induced periodontitis and microbial dysbiosis upregulate IL-1β expression, correlating with enhanced alveolar bone resorption. Interventions such as desipramine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), curcumin, and four-day fermented milk kefir demonstrated reductions in IL-1β levels alongside attenuated alveolar bone loss, highlighting the functional role of IL-1β in periodontal bone destruction. Immune modulation studies, including TLR-activated B10 cell transfer and Ifi204-deficient mouse models, further suggest that IL-1β–mediated osteoclast activity contributes directly to alveolar bone resorption independently of certain bone marrow–derived immune cell responses. Mechanistically, IL-1β promotes osteoclastogenesis via upregulation of RANKL and matrix metalloproteinases while downregulating tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Collectively, the findings underscore IL-1β as a pivotal mediator in periodontitis-related bone loss and as a promising therapeutic target. Understanding these IL-1β mediated pathways informs the development of novel anti-inflammatory and regenerative strategies to improve oral and dental health outcomes.
Keywords :
cytokine, interleukin-1β, Orofacial bone defect, periodontal diseaseReferences :
- Florencio-Silva, R.; Sasso, G. R. da S.; Sasso-Cerri, E.; Simões, M. J.; Cerri, P. S. Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells. BioMed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 421746. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/421746.
- Grünewald, T. A.; Johannes, A.; Wittig, N. K.; Palle, J.; Rack, A.; Burghammer, M.; Birkedal, H. Bone Mineral Properties and 3D Orientation of Human Lamellar Bone around Cement Lines and the Haversian System. IUCrJ 2023, 10 (Pt 2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252523000866.
- Cowan, P. T.; Launico, M. V.; Kahai, P. Anatomy, Bones. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island (FL), 2024.
- Ikeuchi, T. and Moutsopoulos, N.M. (2022) Osteoimmunology in periodontitis: a paradigm for Th17/IL-17 inflammatory bone loss, Bone, 163, 116500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2022.116500
- Yu, H., Sun, C. and Argraves, K.M. (2016) Periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is attenuated in sphingosine kinase 1-deficient mice, Journal of Periodontal Research, 51(1), pp. 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12276
- Branco-de-Almeida, L.S., Franco, G.C.N., Castro, M.L., Vieira, M.S., Galvão-Moreira, L.V., Cortelli, S.C., Anbinder, A.L., Kawai, T. and Rosalen, P.L. (2020) Protective effects of desipramine on alveolar bone in experimental periodontitis, Journal of Periodontology, 91(12), pp. 1694–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.19-0569
- Wang, Y., Yu, X., Lin, J., Hu, Y., Zhao, Q., Kawai, T., Taubman, M.A. and Han, X. (2017) B10 cells alleviate periodontal bone loss in experimental periodontitis, Infection and Immunity, 85(9), e00335-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00335-17
- Swanson, K.V., Girnary, M., Alves, T., Ting, J.P.Y., Divaris, K., Beck, J., Pucinelli, C.M., da Silva, R.A.B., Uyan, D., Wilson, J., Seaman, W.T., Webster-Cyriaque, J., Vias, N., Jiao, Y., Cantley, L., Marlier, A., Arnold, R.R. and Marchesan, J.T. (2023) Interferon activated gene 204 (Ifi204) protects against bone loss in experimental periodontitis, Journal of Periodontology
- Fan, Q., Zhou, X.-H., Wang, T.-F., Zeng, F.-J., Liu, X., Gu, Y., Chen, B., Yang, J., Pang, Z.-Y., Liu, J.-G. and Bai, G.-H. (2023) Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on oxidative stress, inflammation, and bone loss in a rat periodontitis model, Journal of Dental Sciences, 18(4), pp. 1567–1575
- Sha, A.M., Garib, B.T., Azeez, S.H. and Gu, S.S. (2021) Effects of curcumin gel on osteoclastogenic bone markers in experimental periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in Wistar rats, Journal of Dental Sciences, 16, pp. 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.09.015
- Vieira, L.V., de Sousa, L.M., Maia, T.A.C., Gusmão, J.N.F.M., Goes, P., Pereira, K.M.A., Miyajima, F. and Gondim, D.V. (2021) Milk kefir therapy reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss in periodontitis in rats, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 139, 111677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111677
- Cheng, R., Wu, Z., Li, M., Shao, M. and Hu, T. (2020) Interleukin-1β is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review, International Journal of Oral Science, 12, Article number 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-019-0068
- Bord S, Horner A, Hembry R, Reynolds J, Compston J. Production of collagenase by human osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vivo. Bone 1996;19:35e40.
- Deshpande N, Deshpande A. Immunoregulation in periodontal disease. Indian J Dent 2013;4:35e7

