Abstract :

Elevated cholesterol levels can lead to various diseases and reduce quality of life, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which poses a growing global health concern. Andrographis paniculata (sambiloto) contains andrographolide, a bioactive compound known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis, suggesting its potential as a herbal alternative to manage hypercholesterolemia. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sambiloto leaf extract (Andrographis paniculata Nees) on the liver histopathology of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) fed a high-cholesterol diet. This true experimental laboratory study used a post-test control group design with randomized probability sampling. Rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control, positive control (atorvastatin), and three treatment groups receiving sambiloto extract at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kgBW. Liver histopathology was assessed using the NAFLD Activity Score (NAS), and data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by post hoc LSD analysis. The results showed a significant effect of sambiloto extract on liver histopathological changes (p = 0.028, p < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed among the different dosage groups. In conclusion, sambiloto leaf extract has a significant influence on improving liver histopathological profiles in male Wistar rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.

---

Keywords :

Hipercholesterolemia, NAFLD activity score, Sambiloto, Wistar Rats

---

References :

1. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases (Internet). 2021 (cited 2021 Aug 5);1. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
2. RI. Profil Penyakit Tidak Menular Tahun 2016. 2016.
3. Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism (Internet) 2016;65(8):1038–48. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26823198
4. Yuliani RD. Tanaman Obat yang bisa digunakan untuk melarutkan kolesterol jahat (Internet). Dinkes Kulon Progo2020 (cited 2021 Jun 30); Available from: https://dinkes.kulonprogokab.go.id/detil/511/tanaman-obat-yang-bisa-digunakan-untuk-melarutkan-kolesterol-jahat
5. Toppo E, Darvin SS, Esakkimuthu S, Nayak MK, Balakrishna K, Sivasankaran K, et al. Effect of two andrographolide derivatives on cellular and rodent models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;95:402–11.
6. Akhtar MT, Sarib MSBM, Ismail IS, Abas F, Ismail A, Lajis NH, et al. Anti-diabetic activity and metabolic changes induced by Andrographis paniculata plant extract in obese diabetic rats. Molecules 2016;21(8).
7. Liu YT, Chen HW, Lii CK, Jhuang JH, Huang CS, Li ML, et al. A diterpenoid, 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide, in andrographis paniculata reduces steatohepatitis and liver injury in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Nutrients 2020;12(2).
8. University JH. The Rat (Internet). (cited 2021 May 3);Available from: http://web.jhu.edu/animalcare/procedures/rat.html
9. Nistiar F, Racz O, Lukacinova A, Hubkova B, Novakova J, Lovasova E, et al. Age dependency on some physiological and biochemical parameters of male Wistar rats in controlled environment. J Environ Sci Heal – Part A Toxic/Hazardous Subst Environ Eng 2012;47(9):1224–33.
10. Jong FHH, Gunawan A, Santoso MWA, Anjani S, Tirthaningsih NW, Basori A. Effects of Sambiloto Ethanol Extract on Fatty Liver, SGOT/SGPT Levels and Lipid Profile of Wistar Strain White Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to High-Fat Diet. Folia Medica Indones (Internet) 2018;54(2):89. Available from: https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/FMI/article/view/8856
11. Yaligar J, Gopalan V, Kiat OW, Sugii S, Shui G, Lam BD, et al. Evaluation of Dietary Effects on Hepatic Lipids in High Fat and Placebo Diet Fed Rats by In Vivo MRS and LC-MS Techniques. PLoS One (Internet) 2014;9(3):10. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0091436#authcontrib
12. Ding L, Li J, Song B, Xiao X, Huang W, Zhang B, et al. Andrographolide prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice by suppressing the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014;351(2):474–83.
13. Hydes T, Alam U, Cuthbertson DJ. The Impact of Macronutrient Intake on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ( NAFLD ): Too Much Fat , Too Much Carbohydrate , or Just Too Many Calories ? Distribution of Excess Energy Amongst. 2021;8(February).
14. Bertolio R, Napoletano F, Mano M, Maurer-stroh S, Fantuz M, Zannini A, et al. Mechanical Cues and Lipid Metabolism. Nat Commun (Internet) 2019;1–11. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09152-7
15. Rajaratinam H, Nafi SNM. Andrographolide is an Alternative Treatment to Overcome Resistance in ER-Positive Breast Cancer via Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathway. Malaysian J Med Sci 2019;26(5):6–20.
16. Takahashi Y, Fukusato T. Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol (Internet) 2014;20(42):15539–48. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400438