Abstract :

Transforming seaweed from a basic commodity into a high-value product has paved a significant path for economic resilience among farmer groups in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This study aims to (1) examine the potential of seaweed as a primary material in the production anti-corrosive coatings, (2) analyze the economic impact of seaweed product diversification on the income and economic resilience of seaweed farming groups in East Nusa Tenggara, and (3) develop a model for coastal community empowerment based on sustainable product innovation. Employing qualitative methods, including observation, in-depth interviews, documentation and focus group discussions, we investigated the impact of CSR-led training in improving the technical skills, economic opportunities, and environmental awareness of seaweed farming communities. This indicates that product diversification not only increases farmers’ incomes but also creates an economic ecosystem that protects them from the volatility of the raw seaweed market. Furthermore, this empowerment encourages sustainable practices that support the preservation of coastal ecosystems. The study highlights the importance of CSR in promoting social innovation, providing insights for policymakers to drive similar initiatives that strengthen economic resilience and Environmental Management in coastal regions.

---

Keywords :

anti-corrosion paint innovation, coastal community empowerment, Environmental sustainability, seaweed potential, socio-economic impact

---

References :

1. Ahmed, Mahmoud A., Sherif Amin, and Ashraf A. Mohamed. 2024. “Current and Emerging Trends of Inorganic, Organic and Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors.” RSC Advances 14(43):31877–920. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra05662k.
2. Al-Moubaraki, Aisha H., and Ime Bassey Obot. 2021. “Corrosion Challenges in Petroleum Refinery Operations: Sources, Mechanisms, Mitigation, and Future Outlook.” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 25(12):101370. doi: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101370.
3. Antonelli, Chiara, Manuela Coromaldi, and Giacomo Pallante. 2022. “Crop and Income Diversification for Rural Adaptation: Insights from Ugandan Panel Data.” Ecological Economics 195:107390. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107390.
4. Arocena, Rodrigo, and Judith Sutz. 2020. “Universities and Social Innovation for Global Sustainable Development as Seen from the South.” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 162(January).
5. Ayyam, Velmurugan, Swarnam Palanivel, Sivaperuman Chandrakasan, Velmurugan Ayyam, Swarnam Palanivel, and Sivaperuman Chandrakasan. 2019. “Balancing Development and Environmental Impact in the Coastal Regions.” Coastal Ecosystems of the Tropics-Adaptive Management 579–95.
6. Azahar, Siti Shafiqah, Pandian Bothi Raja, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Khalijah Awang, Mohd Shafiq Zakeyuddin, Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon, and M. Hazwan Hussin. 2024. “Extraction of Flavonoids from Butterfly Blue Pea (Clitoria Ternatea) Flower as Carbon Steel Corrosion Inhibitor in CO2 Environment: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches.” Journal of Molecular Liquids 396:124056. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124056.
7. Bahcevandziev, K., and L. Pereira. 2021. Seaweeds as Plant Fertilizer, Agricultural Biostimulants and Animal Fodder – a Book Presentation. Vol. 1320. CRC Press.
8. Biris-Dorhoi, Elena Suzana, Delia Michiu, Carmen R. Pop, Ancuta M. Rotar, Maria Tofana, Oana L. Pop, Sonia A. Socaci, and Anca C. Farcas. 2020. “Macroalgae—A Sustainable Source of Chemical Compounds with Biological Activities.” Nutrients 12(10):1–23. doi: 10.3390/nu12103085.
9. Blikra, Marthe Jordbrekk, Themistoklis Altintzoglou, Trond Løvdal, Guro Rognså, Dagbjørn Skipnes, Torstein Skåra, Morten Sivertsvik, and Estefanía Noriega Fernández. 2021. “Seaweed Products for the Future: Using Current Tools to Develop a Sustainable Food Industry.” Trends in Food Science & Technology 118:765–76.
10. Bouillass, Ghada, Isabelle Blanc, and Paula Perez-Lopez. 2021. “Step-by-Step Social Life Cycle Assessment Framework: A Participatory Approach for the Identification and Prioritization of Impact Subcategories Applied to Mobility Scenarios.” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26(12):2408–35. doi: 10.1007/s11367-021-01988-w.
11. Busthanul, Nurbaya, Pipi Diansari, Idris Sumase, Ni Made Viantika Sulianderi, Masyhur Syafiuddin, and Imran Muhtar. 2020. “Reform of Development Strategy for Economic Strengthening of Seaweed Farmers in Bulukumba Regency, Indonesia.” Advances in Environmental Biology, 14(5):17. doi: 10.22587/aeb.2020.14.5.3.
12. Cotas, João, Silvia Lomartire, Ana M. M. Gonçalves, and Leonel Pereira. 2024. “From Ocean to Medicine: Harnessing Seaweed’s Potential for Drug Development.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25(2). doi: 10.3390/ijms25020797.
13. Creswell, John. 2020. Second Edition Qualitative Inquiry& Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches. Vol. 3.
14. Dawson R., Hancock, and Bob Algozzine. 2021. Doing Case Study Research: A Practical Guide for Beginning Researchers. Vol. 48. New York.
15. Doten-Snitker, Kerice, Cara Margherio, Elizabeth Litzler, Ella Ingram, and Julia Williams. 2021. “Developing a Shared Vision for Change: Moving toward Inclusive Empowerment.” Research in Higher Education 62(2):206–29. doi: 10.1007/s11162-020-09594-9.
16. ElZein, Zeina, Nouran Ahmed Milad, Ayatallh Shrief Mohamed, Nada Mahmoud, Noura Abdo, and Hamdy Maamoun Abdel-Ghafar. 2024. “Sustainable Development on the Basis of the WEF Nexus in Arid Coastal Areas for Climate Change Mitigation: Case Study of Rabia Community in Matrouh, Egypt.” Energy Nexus 14(April):100299. doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100299.
17. Estradivari, Indah Kartika, Dedi S. Adhuri, Luky Adrianto, Firdaus Agung, Gabby N. Ahmadia, Sonia Bejarano, Stuart J. Campbell, Faridz Rizal Fachri, Hari Kushardanto, Cliff Marlessy, Beby Pane, Oscar Puebla, Ray Chandra Purnama, I. Wayan Veda Santiadji, Wahid Suherfian, Mardha Tillah, Hesti Widodo, Christian Wild, and Sebastian C. A. Ferse. 2024. “Prospective Ecological Contributions of Potential Marine OECMs and MPAs to Enhance Marine Conservation in Indonesia.” Ocean and Coastal Management 258(September):107411. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107411.
18. Fatima, Sidra, Sheer Abbas, Ansa Rebi, and Zhang Ying. 2024. “Sustainable Forestry and Environmental Impacts: Assessing the Economic, Environmental, and Social Benefits of Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices.” Ecological Frontiers 44(6):1119–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecofro.2024.05.009.
19. Forero-López, A. D., C. V Colombo, A. P. Loperena, N. G. Morales-Pontet, A. C. Ronda, I. L. Lehr, G. E. De-la-Torre, M. Ben-Haddad, T. A. Aragaw, G. Suaria, G. N. Rimondino, F. E. Malanca, and S. E. Botté. 2024. “Paint Particle Pollution in Aquatic Environments: Current Advances and Analytical Challenges.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 480:135744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135744.
20. Gasparin, Marta, William Green, Simon Lilley, Martin Quinn, Mike Saren, and Christophe Schinckus. 2021. “Business as Unusual: A Business Model for Social Innovation.” Journal of Business Research 125:698–709.
21. Gaylarde, Christine C., José Antonio Baptista Neto, and Estefan Monteiro da Fonseca. 2021. “Paint Fragments as Polluting Microplastics: A Brief Review.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 162:111847. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111847.

22. Gittins, Peter, Sotiris Apostolopoulos, Eleni E. Anastasopoulou, and Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2025. “Responding to Greece’s Constrained Agricultural Context: Farm Diversification Strategies Used by Family Farmers.” Journal of Rural Studies 113(April 2024). doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103522.
23. Havas, Attila, Doris Schartinger, and K. Matthias Weber. 2023. “Innovation Studies, Social Innovation, and Sustainability Transitions Research: From Mutual Ignorance towards an Integrative Perspective?” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 48(March 2022):100754. doi: 10.1016/j.eist.2023.100754.
24. Herzog, Anna, and Angelika Krehl. 2024. “A RIS-Framework for Capturing ‘Resonance’ as a Critical Element for Promoting Social Innovations.” Regional Science Policy and Practice 16(11):100130. doi: 10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100130.
25. Howard, Mickey, Steffen Böhm, and Dan Eatherley. 2022. “Systems Resilience and SME Multilevel Challenges: A Place-Based Conceptualization of the Circular Economy.” Journal of Business Research 145(February):757–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.014.
26. Huynh, Thanh Liem, Tran Dinh Manh, Lien Thi Phuong Nguyen, Dao Thanh Vu, Khang Duy Huu Nguyen, and Kim Long Duong Ngo. 2024. “Corrosion Mitigation of Carbon Steel in Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid Solutions by Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Leaf Extract.” Results in Surfaces and Interfaces 17(June):100318. doi: 10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100318.
27. Kokilaramani, Seenivasan, Aruliah Rajasekar, Mohamad S. AlSalhi, and Sandhanasamy Devanesan. 2021. “Characterization of Methanolic Extract of Seaweeds as Environmentally Benign Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel Corrosion in Sodium Chloride Environment.” Journal of Molecular Liquids 340:117011.
28. Kosichek, Hannah, Julie Reimer, and Ramón Filgueira. 2024. “Assessing the Potential for Seaweed Aquaculture in Nova Scotia.” Aquaculture Reports 36:102064.
29. Langford, Alexandra, Jing Zhang, Scott Waldron, Boedi Julianto, Irsyadi Siradjuddin, Iain Neish, and Nunung Nuryartono. 2022. “Price Analysis of the Indonesian Carrageenan Seaweed Industry.” Aquaculture 550:737828.
30. Mahardianingtyas, Sofia, Dhian Adhetiya Safitra, and Alfado Agustio. 2018. “A Blue Economy for Better Economic Development: A Case Study of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.” Pp. 165–73 in 1st Asia Pacific Business and Economics Conference (APBEC 2018). Vol. 89. Atlantis Press SARL.
31. Mey, Günter. 2022. “Qualitative Methodology.” Pp. 1–26 in International handbook of psychology learning and teaching. Springer.
32. Meybeck, Alexandre, Lorenzo Cintori, Romina Cavatassi, Vincent Gitz, Alashiya Gordes, Isabel Albinelli, Carolyn Opio, Tarub Bahri, Nora Berrahmouni, Yanxia Li, and Marco Boscolo. 2024. “Natural Resources Management for Resilient Inclusive Rural Transformation.” Global Food Security 42:100794. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100794.
33. Midgley, Gerald, and Erik Lindhult. 2021. “A Systems Perspective on Systemic Innovation.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 38(5):635–70. doi: 10.1002/sres.2819.
34. Mirera, David O., Alex Kimathi, Morine M. Ngarari, Esther W. Magondu, Miriam Wainaina, and Agwata Ototo. 2020. “Societal and Environmental Impacts of Seaweed Farming in Relation to Rural Development: The Case of Kibuyuni Village, South Coast, Kenya.” Ocean & Coastal Management 194:105253. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105253.
35. Moulaert, Frank, Diana MacCallum, and Jean Hillier. 2013. “Social Innovation: Intuition, Precept, Concept, Theory and Practice.” The International Handbook on Social Innovation: Collective Action, Social Learning and Transdisciplinary Research 13:13–24.
36. Osuji, J. N., and J. Agbakwuru. 2024. “Ocean and Coastal Resources Components and Their Contributions to Sustainable Development of Nigeria.” Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28(1):135–46. doi: 10.4314/jasem.v28i1.16.
37. Permani, Risti, Yanti N. Muflikh, and Fikri Sjahruddin. 2024. “Mapping the Complex Web of Policies for Seaweed Industry Development in Indonesia: What Is the Role of a National Roadmap?” Ocean and Coastal Management 259(October):107464. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107464.
38. Petit, Sandrine, Audrey Alignier, Roland Allart, Stéphanie Aviron, Hugues Boussard, Pierre Franck, Caroline Gibert, Sylvie Ladet, Claire Lavigne, Lou Lecuyer, Maxime Moncamp, Lucile Muneret, Sylvain Poggi, Benoit Ricci, Adrien Rusch, Aude Vialatte, and Juliette Young. 2023. “Building Capacities for the Design of Agroecological Landscapes: The Added-Value of Landscape Monitoring Networks.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 342(November 2022). doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.108263.
39. Pradeep Kumar, C. B., and K. N. Mohana. 2014. “Phytochemical Screening and Corrosion Inhibitive Behavior of Pterolobium Hexapetalum and Celosia Argentea Plant Extracts on Mild Steel in Industrial Water Medium.” Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 23(2):201–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2014.05.007.
40. Qi, Chunping, Ziyou Li, Huichao Bi, and Kim Dam-Johansen. 2024. “Towards Sustainable Steel Corrosion Protection: Expanding the Applicability of Natural Hydrolyzable Tannin in Epoxy Coatings via Metal Complexation.” Electrochimica Acta 497(May):144546. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144546.
41. Rhazzane, Nadia, Abdallah El-Asri, Moulay Driss Mellaoui, Aaziz Jmiai, Souad El Issami, Jaouad Abou Oualid, Karine Groenen‐Serrano, and Hanane Zejli. 2024. “Unveiling the Anti-Corrosion Potential of Seaweed Macroalga Codium Tomentosum: A Multifaceted Investigation into Its Mechanisms of Copper Protection.” Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 101(10):101266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2024.101266.
42. Rochmat, Agus, Galih Liantony, and Yuki Diens Septiananda. 2019. “Uji Kemampuan Tanin Daun Ketapang Sebagai Inhibisi Korosi Pada Baja Mild Steel Dalam Pipeline.” Jurnal Integrasi Proses 8(June):45–50.
43. Simatupang DF. 2020. “Daya Inhibisi Ekstrak Rumput Laut Tropis Terhadap Laju Korosi Logam Aluminium Pada Larutan Korosif NaCl.” Warta Teknologi Industri 12(1):19–22.
44. Solarino, Angelo M., and Herman Aguinis. 2021. “Challenges and Best-Practice Recommendations for Designing and Conducting Interviews with Elite Informants.” Journal of Management Studies 58(3):649–72. doi: 10.1111/joms.12620.
45. Song, Haoyan, and Jingran Gao. 2024. “Assessing the Impact of Marine Renewable Energy in Portugal: An Analysis Based on ACO-TCN-Attention.” Frontiers in Energy Research 12(March):1–17. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1362371.
46. Sultana, Fahmida, Md Abdul Wahab, Md Nahiduzzaman, Md Mohiuddin, Mohammad Zafar Iqbal, Abrar Shakil, Abdullah-Al Mamun, Md Sadequr Rahman Khan, LiLian Wong, and Md Asaduzzaman. 2023. “Seaweed Farming for Food and Nutritional Security, Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, and Women Empowerment: A Review.” Aquaculture and Fisheries 8(5):463–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2022.09.001.
47. Tabrani, Tabrani, Wisman Indra Angkasa, and Ika Meidy Deviarni. 2024. “Analysis of Seaweed Agroindustry Management in Indonesia: Potential, Challenges, and Prospects.” Science Journal of Business and Management 12(2):27–38. doi: 10.11648/j.sjbm.20241202.11.
48. Taylor, Steven J., Robert Bogdan, and Marjorie L. DeVault. 2015. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. John Wiley & Sons.
49. Thomas, Deepa, Reshmy R, Eapen Philip, Raveendran Sindhu, Sarah B. Ulaeto, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, and Mukesh Kumar Awasthi. 2022. “Developments in Smart Organic Coatings for Anticorrosion Applications: A Review.” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 12(10):4683–99. doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-02363-x.
50. Vance, Charlene, Priya Pollard, Julie Maguire, Joseph Sweeney, and Fionnuala Murphy. 2023. “Sustainable Scale-up of Irish Seaweed Production: Quantifying Potential Environmental, Economic, and Social Impacts of Wild Harvesting and Cultivation Pathways.” Algal Research 75(May):103294. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103294.
51. Voegtlin, Christian, Andreas Georg Scherer, Günter K. Stahl, and Olga Hawn. 2022. “Grand Societal Challenges and Responsible Innovation.” Journal of Management Studies 59(1):1–28. doi: 10.1111/joms.12785.
52. Vorobyova, Victoria, Oleksiy Sikorsky, Margarita Skiba, and Georgii Vasyliev. 2023. “Quebracho Tannin as Corrosion Inhibitor in Neutral Media and Novel Rust Conversion Agent for Enhanced Corrosion Protection.” South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 44:68–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2023.01.003.
53. Wang, Qihui, Xing Zhou, Xiaofeng Sun, Qi Zhang, Ruozhou Wang, Jinmei Zhao, Ruby Aslam, Yi Sun, Zhitao Yan, and Xueming Li. 2024. “Seaweed Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution.” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 700:134751. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.134751.
54. Waqas, Muhammad Ahmed, Fatemeh Hashemi, Lisbeth Mogensen, and Marie Trydeman Knudsen. 2024. “Environmental Performance of Seaweed Cultivation and Use in Different Industries: A Systematic Review.” Sustainable Production and Consumption 48(December 2023):123–42. doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2024.05.001.
55. Xu, Wenhua, En-Hou Han, and Zhenyu Wang. 2019. “Effect of Tannic Acid on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in NaCl Solution.” Journal of Materials Science & Technology 35(1):64–75.
56. Yong, Wilson Thau Lym, Vun Yee Thien, Rennielyn Rupert, and Kenneth Francis Rodrigues. 2022. “Seaweed: A Potential Climate Change Solution.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 159:112222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112222.
57. Zairul, Mohd. 2021. “Can Member Check Be Verified in Real Time? Introducing Arc (Asking, Record, Confirm) for Member Checking Validation Strategy in Qualitative Research.” Engineering Journal 25(1):245–51. doi: 10.4186/ej.2021.25.1.245.
58. Zhang, Jianhua, Marlene Cran, Li Gao, Zongli Xie, and Stephen Gray. 2024. “Contribution of Seaweed Farming to the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Microplastics Pollution.” Algal Research 82(March):103623. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2024.103623.
59. Zhao, Yuqing, Zenglin Han, Changren Zhang, Yuqiao Wang, Jingqiu Zhong, and Mengfan Gao. 2024. “Coastal Cultural Ecosystem Services: A Bridge between the Natural Ecosystem and Social Ecosystem for Sustainable Development.” Land 13(9):1352. doi: 10.3390/land13091352.
60. Zickar, Michael J., and Melissa G. Keith. 2023. “Innovations in Sampling: Improving the Appropriateness and Quality of Samples in Organizational Research.” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 10:315–37. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-052946.