Abstract :

Museums, Monuments and Sites are currently becoming the hub of business enterprises. Besides the well-known core functions and roles of the Museums, monuments and Sites throughout the world, that includes but not limited to acquisition, conservation, preservation, researches and awareness rising though educational programs and exhibitions, recently the scope and the roles of museums, monuments and sites have been extended to the development of cultural tourism entrepreneurship. Griffin (2002) in the Kenneth Myer Lecture put it clear that the ultimate goal of entrepreneurship in museums must be the enhancement of the visitors’ experience of interaction with the authentic object and the increase in understanding and knowledge. In Tanzania for instance business enterprises, corporate institutions, companies, start-up organizations and individual entrepreneurs have been working together with museums, monuments and sites in their ventures to furnish the needs of their companies, visitors and partners. This paper therefore, intends to unearth various ventures, products and opportunities offered as the Cultural tourism entrepreneurship in Tanzania through Museums, Monuments and Sites. Although the predominant applications of entrepreneurship in museums seem to consist in diversifying income, financing through entrepreneurial endeavors, or stepping into business-like activities (Högberg & Jogmark, 2021; Toepler, 2006), being commercial and entrepreneurial does not necessarily mean deviating from the museum’s core values. As Brenton and Bouckaert’s argue (2021, p.725), “financial entrepreneurial museums are also progressive, ethical, and innovative”. Thus, to make this study easier simple random sampling and observation techniques were used as the tools to collect data and analyse them descriptively.

---

Keywords :

Cultural tourism, Entrepreneurship, Monuments and Sites., Museums

---

References :

1. Adela C and Izabela P. (2012) Entrepreneurship – the key for a successful museum: International Conference on Entrepreneurship Education – A Priority for the Higher Education Institutions, Bucharest, ROMANIA.Publisher: MEDIMOND S R L, VIA MASERATI 5, 40128 BOLOGNA, 00000, ITALY
2. Angelo N, (2017) Tourism entrepreneurship in Tanzania: Challenges and Strategies for Growth: Twelfth Biennial Conference on Entrepreneurship. India.
3. Association of Art Museum Directors (2001), “Revenue generation: an investment in the public service of art museums”, http://aamd.org/papers/ , retrieved on August 16th, 2012.
4. Beane, Deanna Banks 2000, ‘Museums and healthy adolescent development: What we are learning from research and practice’, Journal of Museum Education, vol. 25
5. Brenton, S. & Bouckaert, G. (2021) Managing public museums appropriately and Consequentially: The distinctiveness and diversity of leading organizations. Public administration review, 81(4), pp. 715–72.
6. Bygrave, W. (2010). The entrepreneurial process. In W. Bygrave & A. Zacharakis (Eds.), The portable MBA in entrepreneurship (pp. 1-26). 4th edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
7. Des Griffin (2012)Entrepreneurship In The Arts: Entrepreneurship In Museums.The Kenneth Myer Lecture, by the George Fairfax Fellow in Arts & Entertainment Management
8. Drucker, P. (1993; c1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. 1st edn. New York, NY: HarperBusiness.
9. Eid, H. (2019) Museum innovation and social entrepreneurship: A new model for a challenging era. London, England: Routledge
10. Gartner, W. (1990). What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship?. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(1), 15-28.
11. Griffin D. (2002) Entrepreneurship In The Arts: Entrepreneurship In Museums during The Kenneth Myer Lecture By The George Fairfax Fellow In Arts & Entertainment Management
12. Högberg, A. & Jogmark, M. (2021) Museientreprenörskap som praktik- och kunskapsfält. Nordisk Museologi, 31(1), pp. 74–91. doi: 10.5617/nm.8826.
13. ICOM code of ethics for museums (2006), http://icom.museum/, retrieved on August 20th, 2012.
14. International Council on Monuments and Sites [ICOMOS] (1999). International Cultural Tourism Charter: Managing tourism at places of heritage significance, ICOMOS
15. Klyver, K. & Bager, T. (2017) Entrepreneurship in theory and practice: Paradoxes in play. 2nd ed. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing.
16. Mabulla A. & Bower J. ( 2010).Cultural Heritage Management in Tanzania’s Protected Areas: Challenges and Future Prospects: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship.Vol.7. Number 1.
17. MacQueen, K.M., McLellan, E., Metzger, D.S., Kegeles, S., Strauss, R.P., Scotti, R., Blanchard, L. & Trotter, R.T. (2001). What is community? An evidence-based definition for participatory public health, American Journal of Public Health, 91 (12), 1929 – 1938.
18. Merriman (2010) The role of Museums: Archaeology Vol. II Edited by Donald L. Hardesty. EOLSS/UNESCO Publisher Co.Ltd. United Kingdom.
19. Murphy, O. (2018) Coworking spaces, accelerators and incubators: Emerging forms of museum practice in an increasingly digital world. Museum International, 70(1–2).
20. Oluwafemi Dayo Abiodun( 2024)The Role of Cultural Heritage Museums in Community Development. University of Cologne
21. Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
22. Surugiu, M.-R. & Surugiu, C. (2015) Heritage tourism entrepreneurship and social media: Opportunities and challenges. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, pp. 74–81. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.340
23. Toepler, S. (2006) Caveat venditor? Museum merchandising, nonprofit Commercialization and the case of the metropolitan museum in New York. VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 17(2), pp. 95–109. doi: 10.1007/s11266-006-9012-6.