Abstract :

This descriptive-quantitative study assessed the personal hygiene practices among the Sama Badjaos in Surigao City. The main instruments used to gather the data were researcher-made questionnaires. The study respondents were 68 Badjao respondents of P-1, Barangay Canlanipa, Surigao City, whose ages are 16 years old and above. This research utilized a descriptive quantitative research design, employing survey techniques and researcher-made questionnaires as the primary methodological approach. The design aimed to gather data through surveys in order to explore and analyze the phenomenon under investigation. The findings showed that there were significant differences in different categories of personal hygiene practices when the respondents were grouped according to their age, sex, and educational attainment. The study’s findings highlighted a significant degree of variance in the respondents’ hygiene practices with respect to the profile variables including bathing, oral and hand hygiene, clothing, and more. The study recommended sharing these findings with health organizations to disseminate information within the Badjao community via health education programs. Furthermore, presenting the findings to local officials and parents was suggested to improve hygiene practices. Lastly, based on the findings, future researchers were advised to address gaps by using visual aids and achieving a balanced respondent distribution.

---

Keywords :

badjao, Descriptive Survey, Indigenous Peoples, Personal Hygiene, Philippines., Surigao City

---

References :

1. Abelgas L. et.al.(2019).Determinants of Sea Gypsies School Leavers in the Philippine.Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336025769_Determinants_of_Sea_Gypsies_School_Leavers_in_the_Philippines
2. Alateeq O. M., Alwaseel, A. I., Almuhaini, M. S., & Alruzayhi, M. K. (2018) . Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Ear Care in Saudi Community. Almanhal. https://platform.almanhal.com/Files/2/114625
3. ALBashtawy, Mohammed. (2015). Personal hygiene in school children aged 6–12 years in Jordan. British Journal of School Nursing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285752655_Personal_hygiene_in_school_children_aged_6-12_years_in_Jordan
4. Balasabas C. & Quiboyen M. A. (2021). Personal Hygiene and Sanitary Measures among Badjaos in Labason, Zamboanga del Norte: Basis for Health Awareness and Services Program. A research Index https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aajmrcp/article/view/963

5. Bekibele, C.,cKehinde, A., & Ajayi, B. (2010). Effect of face washing with soap and water and cleaning with antiseptics on upper-lid bacteria of surgical eye patients. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d’ophtalmologie. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20935695/
6. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Handwashing in Communities: Clean Hands Save Lives. cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/why-handwashing.html
7. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Nail Hygiene. https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/personal-hygiene/nails.html
8. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). Water, Sanitation, and Environmentally Related Hygiene (WASH). cdc.gov https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/personal-hygiene/index.html
9. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). Water, Sanitation, and Environmentally Related Hygiene (WASH). cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/personal-hygiene/nails.html
10. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). Water, Sanitation, and Environmentally Related Hygiene (WASH). cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/personal-hygiene/hair-scalp.html
11. Chen, X., Munoz, B., Wolle, M. A., Woods, G., Odonkor, M., Naufal, F., Mkocha, H., & West, S. K. (2021). Environmental factors and hygiene behaviors associated with facial cleanliness and trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009902
12. Dasgupta, A., & Sarkar, M. (2008). Menstrual Hygiene: How Hygienic is the Adolescent Girl?. Indian journal of community medicine https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.40872
13. Davis S. B. (2021). Exploring the Influences of Culture on Hand-Hygiene Beliefs of Foreign-Born Healthcar eign-Born Healthcare Workers. Scholarworks.Waldenu.Edu. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10988&context=dissertations

14. DeshpandeN., Patil S.S., Gharai S.B., Patil S. R., and Durgawale P. M. (2018). Menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls – A study from urban slum area. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293884/
15. Ederio, N., Inocian, E., Calaca, N., & Espiritu, J.G. (2023). Ethical research practices in educational institutions: A literature review. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 06(5), 2709-2724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i5-02
16. Elmadani, M., Elamin, E., Tamomh, A. G., & Twum, P. (2021). Assessment of the Personal Hygiene Practices among Primary Schools Children, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional School-Based Study. Situations, 15, 16.  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdelhakam-Tamomh/publication/348276205_Assessment_of_the_Personal_Hygiene_Practices_among_Primary_Schools_Children_Sudan_A_Cross-Sectional_School-Based_Study/links/5ff5c18a299bf14088757d8d/Assessment-of-the-Personal-Hygiene-Practices-among-Primary-Schools-Children-Sudan-A-Cross-Sectional-School-Based-Study.pdf
17. Gajadharsingh J. (2019). Vitamin Sea – The Health Benefits of Sea Swimming. https://www.stmichaelsresort.com/journal/vitamin-sea-the-health-benefits-of-sea-swimming

18. Haradanhalli, R. S., Prashanth, R. M., Kumari, N., Siddhareddy, I., & Surendran, J. (2019). Personal hygiene practices and related skin diseases among primary school children of urban poor locality.  https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/sea-201316

19. Hardy, J. M., Owen, T. J., Martinez, S. A., Jones, L. P., & Davis, M. A. (2017). The  effect  of  nail  characteristics  on  surface  bacterial  counts  of  surgical  personnel  before  and  after  Veterinary surgery. National Library of Medicine.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657655/
20. Hasan S., Borlio J. & Duterte J. (2021). Indigenous Water, Sanitation and Hygienic (WaSH) Practices: The Case of the IP Community in Barangay Lower Panaga, Panabo, Philippines. RSIS international https://www.rsisinternational.org/virtual-library/papers/indigenous-water-sanitation-and-hygienic-wash-practices-the-case-of-the-ip-community-in-barangay-lower-panaga-panabo-philippines/
21. Hasnawati Amqam, Syamsuar Manyullei, Andi Wahyuni, Nasrah, Nurul Aqilah Gunawan, Ismi Yunita Sari (2021)  Personal hygiene and bowls sanitation of meatball cart traders. Gaceta Sanitaria. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.064.

22. Hwang, B. K., Lee, S., Myoung, J., Hwang, S. J., Lim, J. M., Jeong, E. T., Park, S. G., & Youn, S. H. (2021). Effect of the skincare product on facial skin microbial structure and biophysical parameters: A pilot study. MicrobiologyOpen. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1236
23. Ilesanmi, Oluwafemi. (2017). Knowledge and Practices of Personal Hygiene among Senior Secondary School Students of Ambassadors College, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. International Journal Of Public Health. 4, 625-636. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315800488_Knowledge_and_Practices_of_Personal_Hygiene_among_Senior_Secondary_School_Students_of_Ambassadors_College_Ile-Ife_Nigeria
24. Innocent, D. C., Obani, S. I., Ezejindu, C. N., & Chinecherem, A. (2022). Personal Hygiene Practices Among Selected Secondary Schools at South Eastern Nigeria. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Innocent-3/publication/363486934_Personal_Hygiene_Practices_Among_Selected_Secondary_Schools_at_South_Eastern_Nigeria/links/631f69ce071ea12e362ab02d/Personal-Hygiene-Practices-Among-Selected-Secondary-Schools-at-South-Eastern-Nigeria.pdf
25. Israel R. and Li C. (2020). The Science Behind Washing for 20 Seconds | Visualized Science.Clearvue Health. https://www.clearvuehealth.com/b/handwash-time/#:~:text=Washing%20for%2020%20seconds%20removed,your%20hands%20for%2020%20seconds.
26. Karn, R. R., Bhandari, B., & Jha, N. (2012). A study on personal hygiene and sanitary practices in a rural village of Mornag District of Nepal. Journal of Nobel Medical College. https://doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v1i2.7298
27. Lipsky M., Su S., Crespo C., and Hung M. (2021). Men and Oral Health: A Review of Sex and Gender Differences. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8127762/
28. Lukolo, L., Kimera, L., Gentz, P. (2021). Self-Ear Cleaning Practices and the Associated Risks: A Systematic Review. Global Journal of Health Science. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350510489_Self-Ear_Cleaning_Practices_and_the_Associated_Risks_A_Systematic_Review
29. Madhavan, P., Mahendraprabhu, M., Ramnath, R., Kumar, K. S., & Mani, M. (2021). Relationship Between Personal Behaviour And Environment Hygiene Of Higher Secondary Students. Elementary Education Online, 20(1), 3253-3253. https://www.ilkogretim-online.org/fulltext/218-1621668288.pdf
30. Mitchell, A., Kulasinghe, K., & Morawska, A. (2022). Establishing Healthy Personal Hygiene Habits with Young Children in Australia: A Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Study. Cambridge core.  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behaviour-change/article/establishing-healthy-personal-hygiene-habits-with-young-children-in-australia-a-crosssectional-mixed-methods-study/278E20340DD3EF3D253CF6FA918FE2B2

31. Navarro E. R. (2015). Living by the Day: A Study of the Badjaos in TawiTawi, Southwest Philippines. https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/9844/thesis.pdf?sequence=1
32. Nayak, B. S., Ann, C. Y., Azhar, A. B., Ling, E. C. S., Yen, W. H., & Aithal, P. A. (2017). A Study on Scalp Hair Health and Hair Care Practices among Malaysian Medical Students. International journal of trichology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28839388/
33. Odonkor S., Kitcher J., Okyere M., and Mahami T. (2019). Self-Assessment of Hygiene Practices towards Predictive and Preventive Medicine Intervention: A Case Study of University Students in Ghana. Hindawi. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2019/3868537/
34. Pui-Lai P., Tai-Yin Ching P., & Wai-Yee Chung J. (2020). Can Flu-Like Absenteeism in Kindergartens Be Reduced Through Hand Hygiene Training for Both Parents and Their Kindergarteners? Sage journals https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2150132719901209
35. Rajbhandari, A. K., Dhaubanjar, R., GC, K. B., & Dahal, M. (2018). Knowledge and practice of personal hygiene among secondary school students of grade nine and ten. Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences, 5(2), 107-113. https://www.jpahs.edu.np/index.php/JPAHS/article/view/226
36. Randi Kjeldstad & Trude Lappegård (2014). How Do Gender Values and Household Practices Cohere? Value–Practice Configurations in a Gender-egalitarian Context, NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research. Taylor and Francis Online. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08038740.2013.864703
37. Rivera L. (2018). The health practices of indigenous peoples learners: Basis for curriculum interventions. Journal Of Advanced Practices In Nursing. https://www.hilarispublisher.com/proceedings/the-health-practices-of-indigenous-peoples-learners-basis-for-curriculum-interventions-12439.html
38. Sallami, Zeyad. (2016). Assessment of Hand Hygiene Attitude, Knowledge and Practice among Health Science Students in Aden University. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines. 04(09), 25-32. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Male-and-female-responses-on-hand-hygiene-practice_fig1_308180026
39. Singh A. & Kaur A. (2018). Occurrence of human urogenital myiasis due to neglected personal hygiene: a review. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 113, 4–10. https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-abstract/113/1/4/5132762
40. Su S., Lipsky M., Licari F., and Hung M. (2022). Comparing oral health behaviours of men and women in the United States. Journal of Dentistry 122, 0300-5712. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300571222002135
41. Tynan A., Walker D., Tucker T., Fisher B., & Fisher T. (2020). Factors influencing the perceived importance of oral health within a rural Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community in Australia. BMC Public Health. 20, 514. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-08673-x
42. Villanueva, A.G., & Edaño, D.C. (2019). Hygiene and Sanitation Practices of the Badjaos in IBA, Zambales. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v8i3/ART20195718.pdf
43. Vivas, A. P., Gelaye, B., Aboset, N., Kumie, A., Berhane, Y., & Williams, M. A. (2010). Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of hygiene among school children in Angolela, Ethiopia. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21155409/
44. Wu A., & Lipner S. (2020). The role of nail hygiene in preventing transmission of COVID-19. J Am Acad Dermatol. 83(3), 245-246. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7263222/
45. Yang E. M. , Kim J., Biag A., Mangulabnan J., Dela Cruz A. & Sarmiento P. J. (2020). A study on health and hygiene needs, strategies, and well-being of an Aeta indigenous community in the Philippines through photovoice methods. Journal of Public Health. 43, 2, 321-322. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/aswp.12203