A Brief Review on Solubility Enhancement Techniques with Drug and Polymer

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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid phase to create a homogenous mixture is known as solubility. A crucial factor in getting the right quantity of drug into the bloodstream to show a pharmacological effect is solubility. The main issue in developing formulations for new chemical entities as well as for the creation of generics is low water solubility. More than 40% of novel chemical entities (NCEs) created in the pharmaceutical sector are essentially water insoluble. For formulation scientists, solubility is a significant challenge. Any medicine that is to be absorbed at the absorption site must be there in solution form. The solubility of pharmaceuticals that are poorly soluble can be improved using a variety of approaches, such as complexation, salt formation, particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, and the like. The choice of a solubility-improving technology is influenced by pharmacological properties, absorption sites, and the requirements for the dosage form. This review article’s goal is to improve bioavailability and promote effective absorption.

Effect of Nurse Led Interventions on Disease Activity of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Background: Arthritis is an umbrella term for over 100 different types of disease. Arthritis is categorized as either inflammatory or non-inflammatory. Most common inflammatory arthritis is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and non-inflammatory arthritis is Osteoarthritis1.Objective of the study was to assess effect of nurse led interventions on disease activity of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Methods: Quasi-experimental non-equivalent time series design was used in the study.

The sample consisted of 106 patients who are diagnosed as Rheumatoid Arthritis recruited by purposive sampling technique.

Results: There was statistically significant difference in the mean pre-test and posttests scores of disease activity among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the intervention group (p < 0.001)

Conclusions: Study concludes that the nurse led interventions were effective in reducing the disease activity of patients with Rheumatoid arthritis.

Proposed Ideal Business Model of an IoT Online Store (Case Study of Cosmic.id)

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Cosmic.id is one of the businesses engaged in the IoT industry. It has been established since 2018 and is selling the products via e-commerce (Tokopedia). Cosmic.id has three products categories; in-house products (LoRa, and Development Board), resale products (Resistor, Connector, Capacitor, and etc) and custom products or services (Bridge Monitoring System, Temperature Sensor, and etc). Currently, Cosmic.id serves 2 segmented customers; B2C and B2B. Both segment give profit to the company, but since the internal resources are limited, then Cosmic.id has to decided which segment that the company should focus on, so the company could gain more revenue and have stable revenue for each month. The research objective of this thesis is to discover the ideal model business of Cosmic.id, B2B or B2C, therefore they could focus more to gain more revenue for the business. Also, another purpose is to discover whether the existing Unique Value Proposition is still relevant to the target model and what needs to be fixed. The research conducts in qualitative study, interviewing existing and prospective customers, both B2C and B2B customers. During the research, it was found that the B2B segment has a big opportunity for Cosmic.id’s revenue streams. It could give more revenue to the business, but some efforts have to be done to reach that market. In addition to that, some parts of the existing Unique Value Proposition are not relevant to the current condition. The end outcome of this study is the focus on B2B customers and the new Unique Value Proposition, which will be applied in this business and is given in the form of OKR and KPI in accordance with consumer needs. It is hoped that Cosmic.id and the team would do their best to provide the products that the market really needs and apply the new Unique Value Proposition both for B2B and B2C customers, so that the company will have stable revenue and could be sustained in the future. It is also hoped that Cosmic.id could contribute to the IoT development in Indonesia since there are not many LoRa manufacturers in Indonesia.

The Road towards a Resilient Base Petrochemical Industry in Indonesia: A Transformative Scenario Planning Approach

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Petrochemical industry is a strategic industry for a nation because it has a big impact on society at large. Petrochemical derivative products are an inseparable part of our modern life. With the development of technology, humans can synthesize innumerable combinations of petrochemical molecular structures to obtain materials with certain properties suitable for the final products to be made, from clothing, packaging, pharmaceutical, households, etc. All these products are mostly produced based on six building blocks of petrochemical, which are ethylene, propylene, butylene, benzene, toluene, and xylene. They, collectively, are called base petrochemical. However, the chemical sector and its derivatives contributed to the Indonesian Current Account Deficit. In 2019, The Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics reported that imports of chemicals and goods derived from chemicals reached USD 21.51 billion. Meanwhile, the export activity of this sector was only USD 12.65 billion. Thus, The Government of Indonesia through the Ministry of Industry (MoI) pays special attention to the industry as stipulated in the National Industrial Development Master Plan (Rencana Induk Pengembangan Industri Nasional – RIPIN). RIPIN 2015, which is spanned between the years 2015 to 2035, is a guideline for the government and industry players in planning and developing the national industry. Considering the importance of the base petrochemical industry, this research was conducted to find plausible scenarios for the industry in Indonesia. The time horizon in this research is the year 2035 which is in line with RIPIN document. In obtaining possible scenarios, a literature review was carried out and followed by interviews with several relevant and competent sources. This research produced four scenarios namely “The Ruptured SBR”, “The Abandoned ABS”, “The Aromatic Painkillers”, and “The Flying Polyester”. The approach employed is a Transformative Scenario Planning (TSP) according to Adam Kahane’s work. This research does not focus on one particular entity or institution, but on the national basic petrochemical industry as a whole which consists of various stakeholders with different interests. So that in implementing the results of this research, it is important to realize that all parties need to contribute to achieve the desired future.

Career Advancement and Participatory Decision Making of Teachers: Predictor on Job Satisfaction in Public Primary Schools in Nandi County, Kenya

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The purpose of this study is to investigate career advancement and Participatory decision making of the teachers by head teachers as a predictor of job satisfaction in public primary schools in Nandi County, Kenya .This study was guided by the following objectives: To determine the extent to which head teachers encourage Career advancement influence teachers’ job satisfaction .To determine the extent to which participatory decision making by head teachers influence teachers job satisfaction. A descriptive research design was used. The study was anchored on two factor theory Herzberg-hygiene theory developed by Fredrick Herzberg (1968) and job characteristics Model by Hack man and Oldham (1980).  The target population for the study was 691head teachers and 5470 teachers in 691 primary schools. The total sample was 548 teachers. Multi- stage random technique and Simple random sampling were used.  The data collection instruments were questionnaires. Validity was done through pilot study and content validity was used to check the representation of the research questions in the questionnaires. The reliability was tested using Pearson‘s Moment Co-efficient approach. The results from questionnaires were interpreted and analyzed using frequencies’ percentages ‘and means. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance(ANOVA).The results shows that the null hypothesis H01 was rejected which implies that there was a relationship between head teachers ’involvement in career advancementof teachers and teachers’ job satisfaction. This implies that when head teachers ’involve teachers in career advancementthe teachers feel encouraged and satisfied.Career advancement had an influence on teachers’ job satisfaction.This shows participatory decision making by head teachers had some influence on teachers’ job satisfaction. From the findings, results from testing of the null hypothesis Ho2. The null hypothesis H02 was rejected which implies that there was a relationship between head teachers involving teachers in decision making and teachers’ job satisfaction. This implies that when head teachers involve teachers in critical decision making in schools they feel part and parcel of well being of the school hence feel satisfied. They head teachers should recommend teachers for promotion and mobilize parents by involving Board of Management so as to get resources.The government through the ministry of education should: provide policies on Career advancement are effective and that it does not interfere with the teachers schedule in school. The Quality Assurance Service should ensure they act as key monitors’ especially in supervision and encourage job satisfying practices through collaborative decision making. The government through the ministry of education should: Consider teachers are involved in decision making in school on matters education to ensure participation of all teachers is paramount in order to ensure that teachers are satisfied with their jobs.

Modelling Cyclic Fluctuations of SEIR Epidemic Diseases

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Seasonality of infectious disease is an important factor in disease incidence, outbreaks, control and prevention. Many mathematical models that incorporate seasonality in the transmission were formulated and analyzed. In this essay a qualitative analysis is given in terms of the effective reproduction number R0, the existence and stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium of both the SEIR model and seasonal SEIR model. We perform numerical simulations  to validate the model formulation.

A Brief Review on The Common Defects in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process, which depends on conventional welding arc processes, is a promising option for industries when compared to typical manufacturing processes for assembling large and complicated products. WAAM process attracting manufacturing industries due to its potential to make large and complicated components with real sharp production run time with almost single step process. The process represents greater material savings, higher material buildup rate and speed, cost savings, lower cycle time, less impact on the environment, and capability of producing large size parts when evaluated with other fabrication methods. This paper focuses on WAAM process and reviews some of the common possible process defects found in variety of studies made previously to summaries a guideline for the causes of such defects and provides some prevention methods found by those studies. Of these common possible defects found in researchers works and reviewed in this work are pores, lack of fusion, cracks, and residual stress.

The Financial Performance and Stock Valuation of Coal Mining Company in Indonesia (Case Study: Pt. Abm Investama Tbk (ABMM))

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Indonesia, the world’s largest supplier of coal, may profit from the uncertainties surrounding the present geopolitical situation. According to experts, the current high price of coal could be stable through the end of 2022, before declining moderately in 2023, but remain well above its five-year average. Therefore, investing in coal companies’ stock right now is a good idea. Theoretically, investing in the stocks of any firm whose primary business is in the coal industry will result in a profit. The issue is deciding which stock to purchase to increase the portfolio’s return. Value investing, often known as finding an undervalued firm with a great potential for growth, is the main goal of the research. The first step of this study is to observe the coal mining sector, and analyze the problem that occurs. Then, a simple screening valuation method using PBV and PER is conducted to choose the appropriate company to evaluate. Next, external factor analysis using PESTEL analysis and Porter’s Five Forces analysis is conducted. Afterward, internal factor analysis using Financial Ratios and F-Score is conducted to evaluate the problem that lies within the company. Finally, to summarize, SWOT analysis is conducted to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the company’s business environment that provide a thorough knowledge of the company’s competitive advantages. Furthermore, an absolute valuation method is carried out to produce the company’s intrinsic value. The financial performance of ABMM when viewed from its financial statement from 2017 – 2021 is strongly increased in 2021, but stagnant in 2017 – 2020. After obtaining the valuations result through three absolute valuation method, the normalized earnings valuation shows an upside of IDR 2,317 or  77%, the DCF valuation shows an upside of IDR 2,193 or 73%, and lastly, the Monte Carlo Simulation shows an upside of IDR 2,233 or 74%. Therefore, from all three method, ABMM current stock price is considered as undervalued. According on the findings, this study advises purchasing ABMM shares. The present stock price was found to be undervalued using three absolute valuation methods, which means that anyone who purchases the stock at the current price of IDR 3,000 will see a capital gain on their investment.

Relationship between Family Burden, Stigma, Stress, Social Support, Family Acceptance, and Family’s Ability in Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia

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The family’s ability as a caregiver for schizophrenic patients is very necessary because it can affect the success of the treatment process provided. This article aims to determine the relationship between family burden, stigma, stress, social support, family acceptance and family’s ability in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional study design. The study was conducted at the outpatient polyclinic at Teuku Umar General Hospital with a total sample of 98 family members of schizophrenic patients. The results of this study indicate that family burden, stress, stigma, and acceptance are related to the family’s ability to provide care to schizophrenic patients (p = 0.0001 < 0.05). Only the social support variable has no relation with the family’s ability to provide care to schizophrenic patients (p = 0.145 > 0.05). The lack of a relationship between the social support variable and family’s ability is consistent with the stigma variable’s results, which indicates a negative stigma from the community towards the family, so social support becomes unnecessary. This study concludes that families can better care for schizophrenic patients when their burden, stress level, and stigma are reduced or lower. The greater a family accepts schizophrenia patients, the greater their ability to care for them.

Islamic Finance and Blockchain: A Bibliometric Analysis

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The Covid-19 pandemic is causing the digital economy to expand quickly. The development of Islamic finance employing Islamic financial technology should see this technology and the burgeoning digital economy as a problem and an opportunity. One of the most sophisticated acceleration development products is blockchain, and become Islamic finance’s most challenging product. There are still pros and cons to using blockchain in Islamic financial products. In terms of transparency and high trust level, the value of blockchain is similar to those of Islamic financial value. It’s critical to have this opportunity to speed up Islamic finance development. The main problem is that there are still very limited studies about Islamic finance and blockchain. With this study, we will conduct a bibliometric analysis of the publications we published from 2012-2022 about Islamic finance and blockchain through Scopus and google scholar. This study uses the Vos viewer program to see the number of publications, co-authorship authors, co-authorship institutions, co-authorship countries, and keywords. In Scopus, only 24 papers have discussed Islamic finance and blockchain in the last ten years. However, there are more papers on google scholar, but they are still not as specified as in Scopus. There are still many opportunities to have more research in this field.