Study of Pump Driving Motors at PERUMDA Tirta Taman in Bontang City

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 A pump driving motor is an electric motor utilized to operate water pumps. At PERUMDA Tirta Taman, Bontang City, six motors and three pumps are employed, where the submersible pump motor functions to extract raw water from wells, the feed pump transfers water to the clarifier tank, the dosing pump supplies chemical reagents, the backwash pump and root blower are used for cleaning the filtration tank, and the distribution pump delivers treated water to consumers.

Field measurements show that the main protection for the submersible pump motor is a 160 A MCCB, whereas the calculated rating is 290 A. The main protection for the feed pump and backwash pump (1 and 2) in the field uses a 100 A MCCB, while calculations show 73.5 A and 72.5 A. The dosing pump motor uses a 6 A MCB in the field, with a calculated value of 3.6 A. The root blower motor utilizes a 20 A MCB in the field, while its calculated rating is 30.75 A. The distribution pumps (1 and 2) use a 125 A MCCB, whereas the calculated protection rating is 202.5 A.

For the conductor sizing, a 4 × 35 mm² NYY cable is installed for the submersible motor, while its calculated ampacity is 145 A. The dosing motor uses a 3 × 2.5 mm² NYY cable with a calculated capacity of 1.8 A. The feed pump and backwash pump use a 4 × 6 mm² NYY cable, with calculated ampacities of 36.75 A and 36.25 A, respectively. The root blower uses a 4 × 2.5 mm² NYY cable with a calculated rating of 15.37 A, and the distribution pump (1 and 2) uses a 4 × 25 mm² NYY cable with a calculated rating of 101.25 A.

Estimating The Number of Intelligent Extraterrestrial Civilizations: A Probabilistic Approach to the Drake Equation

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Astrobiology seeks to address some of humanity’s most profound questions: Are we alone in the Universe? and What are the conditions necessary for life to emerge? One of the key theoretical tools in this pursuit is the Drake Equation, formulated in 1961, which provides a probabilistic framework for estimating the number of intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way. In this paper, we revisit the Drake Equation using updated astronomical and biological data, along with simplified probabilistic assumptions. By applying current observational evidence of exoplanets, laboratory studies of prebiotic chemistry, and estimates of stellar and planetary habitability, we obtain a tentative value of ~72 civilizations capable of interstellar communication via radio astronomy. The result highlights the paradox first identified by Enrico Fermi -if intelligent life is so probable, why have we not yet detected it? We discuss possible resolutions to the Fermi Paradox, including distance, evolutionary differences, and the possibility of self-destruction. Finally, we outline future directions for astrobiology, observational astronomy, and SETI that may refine these estimates and potentially resolve one of the greatest scientific mysteries of our time.

Design of An Arduino Uno Based Definite Time Over Current Relay

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Over Current Relay (OCR) is a protection relay used to detect and cut off electric current when there is excess current (fault current). The definite time type OCR has constant trip time characteristics, regardless of the magnitude of the fault current. OCR is widely used in electric power systems to protect equipment from damage due to fault currents. This final report discusses the design of Arduino Uno-based definite time OCR with the use of PZEM sensor components, I2C LCD, relay module, and Arduino Uno. This system is designed to be able to measure the load current, display the current value on the LCD, and cut off the current when the load current exceeds the specified setting value.

Analysis of Financial Distress Prediction at PT Kharisma Dua Putri for 2020–2024

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This study aims to analyze the prediction of financial distress at PT Kharisma Dua Putri (KDP) for the 2020–2024 period using multiple bankruptcy prediction models, namely Altman Z-Score, Springate, Grover, Zmijewski, Taffler. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the company’s financial condition by comparing the predictive consistency among the models and identifying indicators of potential distress. A quantitative descriptive approach is employed using secondary data obtained from audited financial statements covering 2020 to 2024. The results of each model are compared to assess the firm’s financial health and risk of insolvency. The findings reveal variations in prediction outcomes, with several models indicating early signs of financial vulnerability, particularly during periods of declining profitability and liquidity. Overall, PT KDP experienced fluctuating financial performance that approached distress thresholds in certain years. The study highlights the importance of a multi-model analytical approach to enhance the accuracy of financial distress assessment and to provide early warning signals for managerial decision-making.

Changes In Cardiorespiratory Rate and Blood Pressure Under Local Anesthesia in Hypertensive and Normotensive Patients Undergoing Oral Surgery and Restorative Treatments: A Scoping Review

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Introduction: Dental procedures such as tooth extractions can increase blood pressure and heart rate, representing potential risks, particularly in patients with systemic diseases. These variations may be influenced by surgical technique, local anesthetic type, vasoconstrictor use, and comorbidities. Understanding these hemodynamic responses is essential for safe clinical management.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of oral surgery/tooth extraction under local anesthesia on blood pressure and heart rate in hypertensive and normotensive patients.

Methodology: A Scoping Review was performed following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Databases consulted: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Library, Oral Surgery–Oral Medicine–Oral Pathology–Oral Radiology, JOMS, and AJH Oxford. The Boolean strategy used was: (“Hypertensive patients” AND “Normotensive patients” AND “local anesthesia” AND “dental treatment” AND (“blood pressure” OR “arterial pressure”) AND “heart rate”), limited to publications from 1980–2024. Rayyan software assisted screening and study selection. Twenty-two studies were identified, and 173 additional references were reviewed; 13 met the inclusion criteria.

Results: Tooth extraction and oral surgery under local anesthesia produce measurable cardiovascular responses. On average, systolic pressure increases by 5.6 mmHg and diastolic pressure by 4.7 mmHg, with greater rises in hypertensive or diabetic patients (6.2 mmHg vs. 4.8 mmHg). The use of epinephrine in local anesthesia amplifies these changes, reinforcing the need for cautious dosing and monitoring.

Conclusion: Oral surgery and tooth extraction may elevate blood pressure and heart rate, especially in patients with comorbidities.

Continuous monitoring and individualized anesthetic management are essential to reduce cardiovascular risk. Future studies should include larger samples and meta-analyses focusing on hemodynamic changes under local anesthesia in hypertensive patients.

The Relationship between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and Musculoskeletal Complaints

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Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal problem that can affect many body systems. Studies have suggested a possible connection between GERD and musculoskeletal complaints, but the relationship is not fully clear

Objective: This study examined the relationship between GERD and musculoskeletal complaints in patients treated at Siloam Hospitals Balikpapan.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 60 participants, divided into 30 GERD and 30 non-GERD patients. Musculoskeletal symptoms were measured using the Indonesian version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Data were analyzed with the Shapiro–Wilk test, Spearman correlation, and Mann–Whitney U test.

Results: Back pain (55%), waist pain (45%), and left shoulder pain (41.7%) were the most frequent complaints. The total musculoskeletal score was higher in the GERD group (279) than in the non-GERD group (65). The data were not normally distributed (p < 0.001). There was a moderate positive correlation between GERD and musculoskeletal complaints (r = 0.460, p < 0.001). The Mann–Whitney test also showed a significant difference between groups (U = 283.5, Z = −3.536, p < 0.001.

Conclusion: GERD is related to higher and more widespread musculoskeletal complaints. Screening for musculoskeletal symptoms in GERD patients may help improve early management and patient quality of life.

Influence of Climate Variability on The Dynamics of Land Use Land Cover in the Sub-Soudanian Sector: The Case of the Badenou Classified Forest, Northern Côte D’ivoire

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In a context of global change marked by climate evolution, tropical forest ecosystems are under increasing pressure that threatens their integrity and biodiversity. This study quantifies the impact of climatic parameters on the evolution of land use/cover in the Badenou Classified Forest (northern Côte d’Ivoire) between 1990 and 2022. By cross-referencing Landsat images and climatic data (temperatures, precipitation, PDSI, SPI) via Google Earth Engine, and applying statistical tests (Spearman correlations, PCA, regressions), significant relationships were highlighted. The results show a distinct vulnerability of natural ecosystems to climatic stresses. Dense dry forests and galleries regress with drought (PDSI: ρ = -0.502, p = 0.003). The low density shrub savannah declines sharply with rising temperatures (Tmax: ρ = -0.613, p < 0.0001). Water bodies decrease during dry periods (PDSI: ρ = -0.545, p = 0.001). Anthropogenic dynamics present contrasting responses. Fallow lands decrease with temperature (Tmax: ρ = -0.413, p = 0.017), while perennial crops expand their reach under these same conditions (Tmax: ρ = +0.413, p = 0.017). An increase in bare soils and built-up areas is correlated with humid conditions (SPI: ρ = +0.362, p = 0.039). This research demonstrates that climatic variables, particularly temperatures and drought indices, are major explanatory factors for landscape transformations. These quantified results provide an essential scientific basis for the development of adaptive management policies, reconciling biodiversity preservation and local development in a context of global change.

New Gender Inequalities in Tertiary Institutions of Learning in Selected Universities in Southern Africa

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During the 1990s and the preceding years, various campaigns were launched across several Southern African countries to encourage girls to enroll in school and remain in the education system through to the tertiary level. These efforts followed studies that revealed significant gender inequealities in education, particularly in countries where girls failed to complete school due to factors such as gender discrimination within households—where boys’ education was prioritized—lack of financial resources, early pregnancies, and high dropout rates for various other reasons. In response, several governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) implemented programs aimed at increasing girls’ participation and retention in school through to the tertiary level. These initiatives have, in some countries, yielded positive outcomes, evidenced by increased enrollment of female learners at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.

This article focuses on the status of female students in tertiary institutions within selected Southern African universities. It argues that there has been a notable increase in the number of female students in higher education, with some institutions achieving and even surpassing gender parity. In certain universities, this has resulted in a reversal of traditional gender imbalances, where male students now constitute the minority. However, despite these advances, many universities continue to experience gender disparities in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines, where female students remain underrepresented. Similarly, female lecturers continue to form a minority within academic staff. Although the general trend across Southern Africa shows an increase in female student enrollment, this has not translated into a proportional increase in the number of female academics. Moreover, there appear to be no deliberate programs aimed at addressing the underrepresentation of male students in institutions where they are now the minority—both in terms of enrollment and graduation rates. Likewise, there is a lack of targeted initiatives to increase the number and visibility of women in academic and management positions within universities, despite their possessing qualifications comparable to those of their male counterparts.

The article contends that the rise in female student enrollment in Southern African universities has introduced new forms of gender inequality, particularly with male students now forming a minority in some institutions, while female underrepresentation in STEM disciplines persists. It is anticipated that the continued increase in female enrollment may, over time, help address disparities in STEM fields. However, if left unaddressed, the declining representation of male students could reach problematic levels, potentially leading to a shortage of male professionals in key sectors. Finally, the gender disparities among students are more pronounced in public universities in Zambia than in private institutions.

The Influence of Fraud Heptagon, Audit Report Lag, and Whistleblowing System on Financial Statement Fraud with Good Corporate Governance as a Moderating Variable: Evidence from Indonesian Manufacturing Companies

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This study examines how the Fraud Heptagon, Audit Report Lag, and Whistleblowing System influence the incidence of financial statement fraud in Indonesian manufacturing firms, with Good Corporate Governance (GCG) tested as a moderating factor. Using panel data from 100 companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2015 and 2024, the analysis applies Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate both direct and interaction effects. The Fraud Heptagon—comprising pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability, arrogance, collusion, and greed—demonstrates a significant positive association with fraudulent financial reporting, indicating its relevance as a multidimensional predictor of unethical behavior. Audit Report Lag shows a positive but insignificant relationship with fraud, suggesting that reporting delays alone do not reliably indicate manipulation. Conversely, an effective Whistleblowing System significantly reduces the likelihood of misstatements. The moderating analysis reveals that GCG strengthens the effects of the Fraud Heptagon and the Whistleblowing System but does not alter the influence of Audit Report Lag. These findings highlight the importance of behavioral, procedural, and governance mechanisms in fraud prevention. The study contributes theoretical validation of the Fraud Heptagon in an emerging-market context and provides practical guidance for improving oversight, transparency, and ethical accountability in corporate reporting.

Factors Causing Wasting in Toddlers: A Literature Review

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Background: Wasting is one of the acute nutritional problems in toddlers, reflecting a weight that is too low for their height. This condition can increase the risk of mortality and long-term developmental disorders. The prevalence of wasting in Indonesia in 2022 reached 7.7%, with Bandar Lampung City at 8.4%, exceeding the provincial average.

Objective: This study aims to review research articles or journals on the factors causing wasting in toddlers.

Methods: The method used in this study is a literature review sourced from the Google Scholar and PubMed databases within the period of 2020-2025. Literature selection was conducted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria determined by the researcher. This review stage includes identifying the research problem, searching for literature, presenting data, and evaluating the data.

Results: Based on the literature review collected, the causes of wasting can be categorized into direct and indirect factors. Direct factors include inadequate food intake and infectious diseases like diarrhea. Indirect factors include exclusive breastfeeding, feeding practices, and access to healthcare services. The main underlying factors are poverty, family characteristics, food distribution patterns, the mother’s education level, employment status, and household income level.

Conclusion: Wasting in young children is caused by a complex interaction between direct, indirect, and primary factors. Prevention and management efforts for wasting must be designed comprehensively, considering all contributing factors, especially improved nutritional intake, management of infectious diseases, increased maternal knowledge, and improvement of family socioeconomic conditions.