Surface Structural–Phase Modification of Structural Steels during Gas Nitriding

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The formation of a composite nitride layer in an ammonia atmosphere with the addition of carbon– and oxygen–containing gases during gas nitriding is considered. The conditions for the formation of cementite during nitriding of steel and the influence of carbon in the matrix on the release of cementite are given. After oxidation of the nitride layer, modified nitride compositions with stable gradient structural–phase states were obtained.

Cyanobacteria: Isolation, Purification and Principles

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The primary means of nutrient uptake for cyanobacteria is oxygen-producing photosynthesis. Their ecological variety is astounding; they occupy a very wide range of lighted ecological niches in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats. Despite this apparent metabolic consistency, they exhibit tremendous phylogenetic diversity. The fact that cyanobacteria have certain physiological and metabolic traits that are exclusively seen in prokaryotes significantly broadens this spectrum. The capacity to fix nitrogen in an aerobic manner under light is a special characteristic. Apart from Gonotheca species, all aerobic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria—a structurally diverse group—produce heterocyst, the highly specialised cells that allow them to fix nitrogen efficiently in a fully aerobic environment by preventing the oxygen-sensitive enzyme nitrogenase from being inactivated quickly in vivo (Hazelton, 1978; Stanier and Cohen-Bazire, 1978; Stewart, Haystead, and Pearson, 1969). The same quantities of cyanobacteria could be isolated from freshwater using a technique using nutrient-saturated glass fibre filters, but the quantity of accompanying heterotrophic bacteria was reduced by 2- to 15-fold. a broad-spectrum antibiotic called imipenem. In comparison to some other Plactam antibiotics, the B-lactam antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis, was more effective at lowering the levels of heterotrophic bacterial contaminants associated with newly isolated cyanobacteria to a point that made it easier to grow axenic cyanobacterial cultures.

Response of Zea Mays L to Tillage and Urea Fertilizer

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The purpose of cultivation intensity and using kind Urea mature as an activity in corn culture creates the best environmental to plant growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in Sempaja village-Samarinda district. Randomized Split-Plot Design analysis in Randomized Block Design was used with 2 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consist of two method of tillage (no tillage and conventional tillage) and two kind of urea mature (without Urea, Prill Urea and Briket Urea). The result showed that combination with conventional tillage method and briket urea give significantly effect on plant growth, yield components, and yield of corn.

An Investigation of Fish Processing and Preserving for Socio-Economic Development in North “B” District of Unguja – Zanzibar

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This study was conducted in order to investigate fish processing and preserving for socio- economic development in North “B” District Unguja-Zanzibar. The specific objectives were to assess the contribution of fish processing and preserving activities for socio-economic development in North “B” District of Unguja-Zanzibar and to examine the strategies set by the government in promoting fish processing. The target population of the study comprised of District Officers, Fisheries Officers, Shehia Leaders, community members and stockholders. Data was gathered using questionnaires. The study population was 81,675 which and a sample size of 145. The study revealed that, fish processing and preserving contributed to socio-economic development especially in as far as improving the standard of living of the communities. This was at the level of 93 equal to (64.1%), income increased to 48 equal to (33.1%), usage of modern technology was found to be 82 (56.5%), improvement of training and education to the local community and fish folks 62 equal to (42.8%). In general, the benefits contributed to the socio-economic development in Zanzibar. The study revealed that, some of the strategies set by the government were to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation processes, provision of modern technology to the local communities, provision of training and education to the local communities. The study recommended the government to increase more fish processing and preservation in order to increase social economic development. Also the study recommended that, modern technology, monitoring and evaluation; training local communities should be enhanced.

Screening of Different Media and Heat Shock Treatment Regimens for Enhancing Sporulation in Bacillus licheniformis

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Bacillus licheniformis is a spore-producing bacteria. The present study aims to identify maximum sporulation in Bacillus licheniformis through induced heat shock conditions using different solidified media and broth media. Suspensions of Bacillus licheniformis spores were spread-plated on nutrient agar plates before and after heat shock treatments of 60°C, 80°C and 100°C for 30 minutes. The number of spores was determined by the dilution plate count method. The result indicates that the highest spore production for Bacillus licheniformis was observed when the spores were induced in AK (Arret and Kirshbaum) Agar for seven days under a heat shock treatment of 60℃ for 30 minutes. Whereas, in the case of Nutrient Broth media, the spore production was highest after four days at heat shock treatment of 80℃ for 30 minutes. This study will help find the optimal production of spores from Bacillus licheniformis, an industrially beneficial microorganism.

Framework of Problem-Based Learning Activities with STEM Approach: Utilizing Plastic Waste with Ecobrick Method in Improving Students’ Ecological Literacy to Solve Environmental Problems

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Plastic is a difficult chemical to degrade or decompose naturally, taking hundreds or even thousands of years for nature to break down plastic. However, the reality is that plastic is widely used in various human needs, from food packaging materials to automotive materials. One way to overcome plastic waste is through eco-brick or utilizing waste with plastic bottle media. Ecobrick is one creative effort to manage plastic waste into useful objects and reduce pollution and toxins caused by plastic waste. Teaching about eco-brick issues can be used as teaching material to improve students’ ecological literacy. Ecological literacy is a state in which individuals have good knowledge and attitudes about the environment and are capable of taking actions that positively impact the environment. However, the ecological literacy of students could be a lot higher. One of the reasons for this is that the teaching methods used so far have yet to bring out their ecological capabilities. Therefore, this study will apply problem-based learning (PBL) with a STEM approach. PBL is a learning approach involving a specific syntax combining STEM disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. This approach can improve students’ ecological literacy in solving environmental problems.

 

The Relationship between Latrine Ownership and the Incidence of Diarrhea in Toddlers in South Buton Regency, 2022

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Background: Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years of age, and is responsible for killing around 525,000 children each year. South Buton Regency, Diarrheal Disease is still included in the order of the 10 most common diseases. The coverage of services for diarrhea sufferers for all ages in South Buton Regency was 39.77%, while the coverage of services for diarrhea sufferers in the toddler age group in South Buton Regency was 28.82%. From the results of the above achievements it can be seen that the coverage of services for diarrhea sufferers in 2021 in all age groups and the under five age group has not yet reached the target of 100%.

Purpose(s): Knowing the relationship between latrine ownership and the incidence of diarrhea in South Buton Regency in 2022.

Method: Type of research uses a quantitative descriptive with a cross sectional design. Data collection was carried out by survey method using questionnaires and observation sheets The sample in this study was 2800 houses, with housewives as respondents

Results: The results of the statistical test using the chi-square test obtained a p-value = 0.005 <0.05 because the p-value is less than 0.05, then H1 is accepted and Ho is rejected, which means there is a relationship between latrine ownership and the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the Buton district. South in 2022.

Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between latrine ownership and the incidence of diarrhea in South Buton District in 2022.

Organic Fertilizer and Technical Efficiency in Melon Cultivation in Wonogiri, Central Java

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Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a potential seasonal fruit crop. In melon cultivation, farmers combine various inputs. Combined inputs such as land, seeds, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, labor.  Organic fertilizer is now a promising method for sustainable agriculture where it is most affordable compared to synthetic fertilizers.  The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the technical efficiency (ET) of melon farming, (2) to determine the effect of manure on melon production. (3) To determine the effect of age, formal education and farmer experience on the use of manure. Giriwoyo sub-district was chosen as the research location because it has the largest area of harvested land and the highest amount of melon farming production in Wonogiri Regency. Selection of farmer samples using accidental sampling technique. The number of respondents was 60 farmers.  The conclusion from the results of the study that (1) the average technical efficiency of melon farmers is 96.7% classified as high criteria, (2) manure has a positive effect on melon production, thus the use of manure can increase melon production which will further increase technical efficiency. (3) Age, education and experience have a positive effect on the use of manure. The suggestions given are (1) to increase technical efficiency can be done by adding manure and (2) increasing the use of manure can be done by increasing age, education and experience. Increasing age as a proxy for information, namely by adding information, increasing knowledge with training and increasing experience can be improved by apprenticeship activities with other parties. Experience is a key factor to increase the use of manure.

Politeness Maxims Performed by Characters in “The Magician Elephant” Movie

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This study is aimed to observe the types of politeness maxim as well as the most dominant types used which are found in the movie transcript entitled “The Magician Elephant”. As a part of pragmatics, Leech’s theory about six types of politeness maxims was applied in this study. The data were collected using a documentation method and supported by a note taking technique which was taken in the form of utterances in the movie transcript. In addition, the data were analyzed by using a qualitative method, and showed descriptively in form of sentences and paragraphs. The formal method was also used due to the analysis applied in written words instead of numbers. The findings showed that there were 42 utterances of tact maxim, 17 utterances of generosity maxim, 31 utterances of approbation maxim, 14 utterances of modesty maxim, 18 utterances of agreement maxim, and 10 utterances of sympathy maxim.

The Effect of Using Project-based Learning on Improving Self-Regulated Language Learning among English-majored Students at Ba Ria – Vung Tau University, Viet Nam

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Project-based learning (PBL) is one of the powerful instructional approaches for students in the classroom (Bender, 2012). PBL is an exciting, innovative instructional approach to motivate students in problem-solving (Baran, 2010). It may be defined as a real world project, based on motivating and engaging tasks, problems, questions to teach students academic content in the context of working cooperatively to solve the problem (Bell, 2010). These authors implied that if teachers utilize PBL, they change their traditional roles into the new mode of teaching. According to Dewey (1959), when students implement meaningful tasks related to problems in real-world situations, they can achieve more profound comprehension. PBL is considered an alternative choice for teaching because it is a powerful tool to encourage students to solve real-world problems (Berger, 1999). It is also believed that PBL assists students to take part in learning activities as active and confident participants (Marx, 1994). This paper examines PBL that influences the self-regulated language learning (SRLL) surveyed at BVU. The study used a quantitative approach with a positivist paradigm. The quantitative approach is deductive because it tests theories, develops models and hypotheses, and collects empirical data (Schunk, 1990). A survey tool was used to collect data from respondents across students of English Studies. The results show that PBL develops the students’ SRLL, and setting goals are the centre of SRLL to help the students study better and better at higher education.