Protective Effect of Selenium against Methotrexate Induced Hepatotoxicity

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Introduction: The liver is the largest internal organ by percent weight in the human body and has crucial functions, including cholesterol production, intermediary metabolism, hormone synthesis, bile and urea production and drug detoxification.
Objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyse the Protective effect of selenium against methotrexate induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
Material and methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Jinnah Hospital Lahore during 2020. Selenium and all chemical reagents of analytical grades were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo, USA). The dose of MTX diluted in water (50% 1ml/kg of body weight of Mice were applied twice a week for six weeks to induced hepatocellular injury determined by liver function tests. The mice were maintained under pathogen-free conditions with air conditioning, a 12-hr light/12-hr dark cycle, and %55 humidity.
Results: Results shows that a significant increase in serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and significant decrease in total protein was observed in all groups receiving MTX for the induction of hepatic injury. Mice receiving combination therapy of selenium along with MTX shows a time course recovery towards normalcy. The highest value of ALT (94.83 IU/L), AST (73.21 IU/L) and ALP (157 IU/L) were recorded in Mice receiving MTX for hepatic injury. The lowest values (63.67, 51.49 and 139.95 IU/L) was recorded in group treated with MTX+ Se (200mg/kg b.w) but both the groups differed non significantly and shows the same trend but a decreasing trend in serum enzymes (ALT 32.85%), (AST 29.67%) and (ALP 11.40%).
Conclusion: It is concluded that selenium supplementation in MTX treated rats elicited a reduction in the toxic effects of the pesticide by improving the studied parameters, which was confirmed by the biochemical analysis of serum.

Flood Problem of Puthimari River Basin: History and Present Pattern

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Flood is one of the most devastating natural disasters that occurs in all depths, from just a couple inches to many feet. Assam has the vast network of its two major rivers viz. the Brahmaputra and the Barak and their tributaries. However, the Brahmaputra river valley is the most flood prone area in Assam. The research article is made to understand the history and pattern of the damage caused by the flood in the Puthimari basin in Kamrup District of Assam. The study has been carried out using both field survey as well as remote sensing techniques. The hydrological data such as water level and water discharge have been collected from Water Resource Department and Brahmaputra Board, Govt of Assam. The water discharge data has been collected from 1955 to 2010 and the flood damage report from 2016 to 2020 have been collected from different newspapers and Flood Report of Assam State Disaster Management Authority. The flood of 2004 has been recorded as the highest from the danger perspectives. The stage hydrographs have been prepared using maximum and minimum water level from 1958 to 2016 where the flood of 1958 has been recorded as the highest devastating with (54.81- 49.79) 5.02 metre deviation from the danger level.

Current State of the Problem of Colonic Anastomotic Leakage (Review)

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The authors of the article cite literature data on the annual incidence of the colon of about 2 million cases with a mortality rate of 25-30%, which is due to the growth of oncological diseases, varying degrees of equipment of institutions dealing with colorectal surgery, various techniques of performing operations, the method of forming anastomoses, and management of the postoperative period. At the same time, the colonic anastomotic leakage (CAL) is noted up to 20-30%.

The authors analyzed in detail the current state of the CAL problem on the basis of the analysis, including the meta-analysis of a number of researchers, who state the influence of many factors, as well as the state of the patient’s body in the development of this complication.

The authors conclude that such a large number of factors, a number of which can be combined, as well as insufficient qualification of the surgeon, significantly complicate the task of developing recommendations for the prevention of CAL.

ANCAT: An Autonomous Learning Card Kit to Help Students Write Ionic Formula

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The fundamental of introductory chemistry is formula writing. The basic requirements of high school chemistry subjects are writing chemical formulas, including writing an ionic formula. Students require good practice and knowledge of the formula and charge of the ions to write the ionic formula and name the ionic compound. A set of cards called “Ancat” consists of the basic atom of the ion on one side, and on the reverse side is the name and formula of the ions. The set of cards comprises the anion and cation cards distinguished by color. High school students would use these cards as a self-directed learning tool. As a selfdirected learning tool, students will construct the ionic formula using the card; then, write the formula and vice-versa. By using the cards, students will be able to identify the symbol of each ion, the charge of each ion, the name of the ions, determine the correct formula of each ionic compound by considering the total charge of an ionic compound is zero, and learn the name of the ionic compound. Teachers can replace the traditional homework with this ductile method that can aid motivation in students; besides that, these cards are suitable for blended learning tools in the classroom.

Reality of Awareness and Response of Students to the Risks of Child Sexual Abuse in Cyberspace

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This article mainly discuss the reality of awareness and response of students to the risks of child sexual abuse in cyberspace at Van Hoang secondary School in Phu Xuyen district, Hanoi. The survey results are collected from the opinions of 220 students in the research area. The study indicates that students have a certain understanding of the expressions and risks of sexual abuse in cyberspace, however, many of them fail to be correctly aware of these issues. In addition, the research results also show the limited awareness of students about ways of repsonse, prevention and self – protection agaisnt the risks of sexual abuse. Therefore, it is urgent to improve knowledge and skills of secondary school students to cope with the expressions and risks of sexual abuse in cyberspace and realistic solutions are needed.

Role of Aqueous Bark Extract of Terminalia Arjuna on Serum Enzymes in Cigarette Smoke Exposed Rats

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Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of mortality and a major public concern. The aim of our study to investigate the role of aqueous bark extract of Terminalia arjuna on serum enzymes in cigarette smoke exposed rats. A total fifteen (15) adult healthy Wistar rats from 100-158 were divided into three groups (A, B and C) each containing five rats.  Group (A) serving as control without exposure to cigarette smoke, Group (B) and (C) served as the experimental groups. The group (B) was exposed to Cigarette smoke (6 Cigarettes) for one hour/day for 30 days and experimental group (C) was exposed to cigarette smoke along with oral administration of aqueous bark extract of Terminalia arjuna  (5mg/rat /day) for 30 days. The results indicate that, a significant increase in Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and Aspartate amino transferase (AST) after exposure to cigarette smoke in comparison to control group while, a significant decrease in ALT and AST level after cigarette smoke exposure along with oral administration of aqueous bank extract of Terminalia arjuna in comparison to Cigarette smoke exposed rats due to antioxidant defence mechanism.

Prevalence and causes of ENT diseases evidence in Pakistan

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Background: ENT infections are becoming a common issue for the people around the globe. this study aims to explain the prevalence of ENT issues during   January to November 2020 in south of Saudi Arabia.

Methods: Author employed the simplified frequency approach for case management and demography moreover the prevalence of ENT issues in general and ear, nose, and throat. This study is based on quantitative approach where data is being gathered through primary sources.

Results: Findings of the research confirm that roat infections are more common than of ear and nose moreover the prevalence of ENT issues are at higher rate that is around 54%. There are four main reasons which often causes ENT problems.

Conclusion: Results of this study are very much significant for general doctors, ENT specialist and clinical staff.

An Educational and Laboratory Device That Demonstrates the Properties of Light as a Stream of Quasiparticles-Photons

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In this work a teaching-laboratory device was created for students of secondary schools, academic lyceums and colleges, as well as for students of higher educational institutions to study the phenomenon of internal and external photoeffects and to perform laboratory works in the field of physics optics. The device presents the results obtained on the basis of experiments proving that light consists of a flux of quasi-particle photons. The created device fully demonstrates the most important phenomena of physics, as well as such qualities as safety, ease of use, the possibility of individual work of students, does not require an external energy source and cheapness allow to use this device widely.

Critical Analyses of Liberia’s Bicentennial Celebration: A Way Forward to a New Historical Narrative and Development Tangibility

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The land known today as Liberia existed with rich civilizations; well institutionalized tribal governance and political structures that functioned well to meet the political, economic and spiritual demands before the Western Civilization that came along with repatriation of the Americo-Liberians or the settlers in the early 1800s. Before 1822, there were socio-political establishments and institutions, the likes of Condo Confederation of the Mandingo leader, King Sa Bosso Kamara, King Jack Ben of Jumbo Town of Grand Bassa, King Brister, a Dei ruler, King Zolu Duma or Peter Careful as known by European of Gon (the Capital City of his Kingdom on North Lofa River) and others are some of the historical indigenous figures and their leadership ability and kingdoms are illustrations of existing socio-political civilizations before the docking and berthing of the Elizabeth; a Ship that brought the first batch of America-Liberians ( Freed Slaves) in 1822 at Dozoa Island  ( Providence Island), from North America. Further, this year marks the exact two centuries since the arrival of settlers. The event has been widely celebrated in the midst of incomparable development and economic successes as per the years of the nation’s existence; the so-celebrated class (the settlers) governed the State from 1847-1980 under the Republican and the True Whig Parties respectively with the same injustice and socioeconomic apartheid-like of leadership that they escaped from, from  the USA, and from 1980-2022 under the so-called majority native people led-admirations, the country stays economically and developmentally bleeding . Thus, there is a dire need  to a radically change the State’s behaviour by fighting corruption and prioritizing sustainable development and shared economic prosperity that has been compromised over the last 200 years to meet the aspiration of the people (Liberians). Hence, this paper aims at exploring some of the historical ambiguities and factors that led and contributed to incomparability of Liberia’s 200 years with her development and economic achievement. Nations’ success are measured by their tangible achievement not only how long they have been in nationhood.